The Coach Of The Football Team - 2127 Words

A thousand scenarios were uncontrollably running through my head as I thought about my brothers going to battle without me. I couldn t understand why this happened to me, why I had to let them play this game on their own. I’ve competed with them since the fifth grade, and when they needed me the most, all I could do is stand on the sidelines and cheer. I hated this feeling of helplessness, but at the same time I knew there was little I could do. It was Senior year, a year that is believed to be filled with excitement and simplicity. For many high school students, Senior year is the last â€Å"Hoorah† and last opportunity to make memories with fellow classmates. For me, Senior year was hell. Coming from a small school that heavily relied on its Basketball program to give them a good name, attempting to be a part of other teams/programs led to extreme criticism. So being captain of the Football team didn’t provide any perks. Being on the Football team predestined you as a â€Å"thug†, or even as a kid who frequently misbehaved and displayed no enthusiasm to work. That’s how the entire school perceived us, faculty and all. Being a small group of about 32 players, half of which were predominantly underclassmen, we had something to prove. Our goal was to eradicate all misconceptions that we as football players faced. We wanted to make it clear to everyone that we were worthy enough to be adopted in a respectable manner when accounted for. Three weeks full of perspiration, blood andShow MoreRelatedRemember The Titans : Movie Analysis1370 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounded by the main character Coach Herman Boone, his wife and two daughters including family values and adaptation. Movie Setting and Story Remember the Titans, is based on a true story about an African-American coach, Herman Boone, who became the head coach at a newly integrated high school. The movie is surrounding a racially diverse football team at T. C. Williams High School in the town of Alexandria Virginia. The movie Remember the Titans focus on a football team that overcomes racial tensionRead MoreThis Employment Agreement (â€Å"Agreement†) Is Entered Into1427 Words   |  6 PagesManziel (â€Å"Coach†) and Cleveland State University (â€Å"CSU†), collectively known as (â€Å"Parties†). RECITALS CSU is a public university located in Cleveland, Ohio. The Coach is a former collegiate and NFL football player. CSU desires to employ the Coach on the terms set forth herein as CSU’s first head coach for the 2017-2018 football season In consideration of the covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement, the Parties agree to the following: 1. EMPLOYMENT: CSU hereby engages Coach to serveRead MoreRemember The Titans ( 2000 )914 Words   |  4 Pagestrue story of the Alexandra, Virginia, football team in 1971. The movie shows the desegregation of the schools in Alexandra and specifically follows the story of their football team. The town was on edge when forced to open their schools up to other races and ethnicities besides Whites. To make matters worse, the football team was forced to replace their white, head football coach, whom was about to be inducted into the Hall of Fame, with an African American coach. Just forcing diverse people, who holdRead MoreFootball Coaches Are the Key to a Successful Team Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pages Football coaches develop the knowledge, techniques and motivation of football teams and players Football coaches are essential to a team, specifically to a football team, because they are a patriarch and who the entire team admires and looks to for everything. Football coaching helps develop strategies and tactics for the team throughout the season. Some football coaches usually start at a lower lever before they better themselves for a higher level coaching position . Coaching involves countlessRead MoreAs a child I grew up playing football, and I’ve always had a passion for the game. After playing my1300 Words   |  6 Pagesplaying football, and I’ve always had a passion for the game. After playing my final down, I knew that my days with the sport were not over. Football is a sport that molds boys into men. My dream is to become a football coach. My coaches had a very strong impact on my life and helped me evolve into the person I am today. By becoming a football coach I will have the ability to make an impact on my player’s life like my coaches did wi th mine. My biggest inspiration in becoming a football coach is LouRead MoreRemember The Titans Is An Inspirational Story Of Racial Struggle970 Words   |  4 Pagesstory of racial struggle and obstacles for a high school football team and town. A stunning and remarkable plot that demonstrated how prejudice and racism can be overcome for the good of people. Football is America’s popular sport. It is a favorite sport to watch on TV and people love football because of its strategic concept of offense and defense plays for success. Football combines running, kicking and passing all in one game and the team with the best skills usually wins. The movie, RememberRead MoreThe life of Coach Jim Harbaugh1546 Words   |  6 Pagesstep onto a sideline, this man is Jim Harbaugh. Son of Jack Harbaugh who spent a majority of Johns childhood coaching at the University of Michigan before moving out to California for a different job. Growing up around the team Jim had the opportunity to get close with the coach, a man named Bo Schembechler. Already having a relationship it really was no surprise when Bo started recruiting one of the top high school arms in the country in Jims final year of high school to come and play quarterbackRead MoreTom Landry1138 Words   |  5 PagesWhether it be high school football star, or flying combat missions with the United States Air Force. Whether it be playing collegiate football, and really excelling, or actually moving on to a professional football career. Whether it be transforming from player to coach, and leading way for years to come and different programs; Tom Landry had experienced i t all. Tom Landry was a great coach and player, whose leadership made him a hero, and a prestigious name in the football world. Tom Landry was bornRead MoreEssay on Coach Bowden955 Words   |  4 Pageslifelong love for football at an early age. As a young child he would often climb onto the roof of his house and sit for hours watching the local high school team run practice drills. Bobby played football while a student at Woodlawn High School in Birmingham, Alabama and again in college, first at the University of Alabama and then at Howard College (now Samford University). Bobby’s coaching career began in 1954 as an assistant coach at Howard College. After working as an assistant coach at Howard forRead MoreEssay on Remember The Titans814 Words   |  4 Pagesrespect of his team, The Titans, proving to them that they can indeed make this race thing work. Boone faces the challenge of being accepted by the community, encouraging them to work together rather than judging and persecuting one another. At that time in Alexandria, Virginia there was an active atmosphere of racial tension within the community between both the African American and Caucasian population. Boone, a black coach, faces the challenge of taking on a new position as head coach of the T

Business Plan, Which Is Bringing Biohacking To the Mass Market Free Essay Example, 2000 words

This paper tells that the marketing environment can be defined as the forces and the factors that influence the ability of a firm for building and maintaining a successful relationship with their customers. It can be classified into a microenvironment and macro environment. The decision of the friend can be evaluated by examining the micro and macro environment of tattoo studios. It can be evaluated whether he has taken a right decision in the current situation or have failed to take an appropriate decision of getting engaged to the tattoo studios. Every business has to face the challenge of political pressure. Thus if tattoo studios are not affected by the political pressure then the owner will have been earning a good amount of money. Body art is done by wealthy people who are very much conscious about their looks and presence. Thus the tattoo studios will be facing huge profit if it is opened in a country where the mass thinks of enjoying a luxurious life. Thus the friend will b e earning the profit if and only if the mass accepts the service at a cheap price. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Plan, Which Is Bringing Biohacking To the Mass Market or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The factors basically examine the social environment of a market and measure the factors like demographics, cultural trends and population analytics. The tattoo studios will be successful in their business if they are opening in such a society where there is the culture of making body art. Here the women are the targeted customers. Technological inventions also affect the operation of body art business. The competitors using advanced technology, which will be provided with less pain than the usual during the tattoo session, will attract more customers. So as to stay updated with the technological changes, the tattoo studios have to modify and even change the instruments. The tattoo studios have to face certain legal obstacles that are levied by the government. In the countries where the biohacking laws are very stringent, it will affect the business as well the plan of the friend to associate him with those studios.

The Dangers Of Self Esteem - 948 Words

In today’s society, I believe that there are many possible hazards if we focus too much on heightening the self-esteem of children. One example is that children with very high self-esteem could have a lack of motivation in regards to academic assignments and exams. They may not feel the need to study or put in the work to try their best due to the fact that they have the mentality of â€Å"I’m so smart, so I don’t need to study.† Another example is that high self-esteem could lead children to losing respect towards authority. When children become too arrogant, they develop this â€Å"know-it-all† attitude. They feel that they are better than the authority figure and there is no reason to respect them. All in all, too much focus on heightening self-esteem can cause children to lack high goals and expectations and influence them to disrespect authority figures. Instead, we should focus on developing a secure self-esteem in which children feel comforta ble and happy about themselves. We should teach children the idea that not everyone is perfect and that they should accept their flaws. When children realize that they are not perfect and can still make improvement, they can set goals for themselves and establish determination to get better. 4. When making an important hiring decision for a business, understanding Rotter’s concept of locus of control can be helpful when evaluating the candidate and what is his or her contribution to the team. A candidate with an external locus of controlShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Harmuful Effects of Plastic Surgery862 Words   |  4 Pagescalled â€Å"beauty.† Civilization is becoming more and more open and willing to the idea of plastic surgery than ever before. Therefore, increases in people are encompassing the belief that cosmetic surgery will improve their lives, body image, and one’s self-perception. The confidence that comes from a procedure such as a nose job, breast augmentation, or a face lift is only temporary. Many procedures are not permanent and need to be repeated. These procedures are often emotionally draining as well; patients’Read MoreAffective Factors Affecting The Learners Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pageslearners to overcome it, in or der to achieve better second language learning. In other words; and according to researchers understanding the motives of these factors pave the way for a class with lower levels of anxiety, higher levels of self-esteem and risk-taking, which are, in turn, will create a better second language-learning atmosphere. 2. The Literature Review Affective factors deal with the emotional side of learning a second language. Clearly, there is a great deal at stakeRead MoreLabeling Of An Illness Or Disability From A Medical Professional1467 Words   |  6 PagesIt is believed that discrimination can cause emotional harm to the individuals and their families. It was found that stigma was associated with low self-esteem according to patients and their families. (Wahl and Harman, 1989). On the other-hand it is suggested that a label has positive effects such as increased aid to the individual by increasing self-efficacy through effective treatment programs. (Rosenfield, 1992). Based on prior research (Rosenfield, 1997) stated Subjective quality of life or lifeRead MoreMaslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesphysiological and safety needs are met then the individual looks to belong and be accepted by peers and groups that they identify with. Once accepted, one looks to improve their self-esteem and garner the respect and esteem of their peers and the groups to which they belong. Finally an individual is driven by the need to become self-actualized, becoming all that one has the potential of becoming. A brief case study of an interesting individual might make for a good way of exploring Maslows hierarchyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Forrest Gump 1603 Words   |  7 Pagesdid. Forrest developed a good self-esteem and self-concept with the help of his mother’s observation, love, and sincerity. With his mother and Jenny’s encouragements, he was able to overcome his physical handicap and become an outstanding runner among other things. This movie is an example of the how a child’s mind developed through series of stages. This paper shows the following key points; intellectual disability, Erickson’s intimacy vs isolation, low self-esteem, and Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderRead MoreBeautiful Princess in Disney Movies Create Low Self-Eseem in Our Girls722 Words   |  3 Pagesbeen shown to have negative impacts on these young girls’ life, often resulting in low self-esteem, disobedience, overdependence, and an unrealistic expectation of male partner s. As a result, young girls should not be encouraged to watch Disney princess movies because they idolize the characters, which are simply fictitious and just meant for entertainment, and these movies also cause disobedience, low self-esteem and lack of confidence. For starters, Disney princess movies display the image of extraordinaryRead MoreToddlers and Tiaras Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesShe was a child in pageants who was murdered and sexually abused at the young age of six. How don’t these parents feel that they are potentially putting their child in life danger? Many pageant parents say that doing pageants help their child’s self esteem. How does not winning the beauty pageant boast a child’s self esteem? In fact many children start to cry after not winning a crown. Some even say they feel guilty or like they have let their parents down. The parents also get upset if their childRead MoreDevelopment of Self Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesDevelopment of Self The development of self starts at a very young age. When a preschooler is asked how are they different from other children, they usually look at their self concept. Self concept is their identity, of their set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals. Most preschoolers give inaccurate statements about their self concept. They usually overestimate their skills and knowledge. Preschool-age children also begin to develop a view of self that reflects their particularRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Body Image1668 Words   |  7 Pageseasily make a young girl self-conscious of her body image. There are three parts that make up body image: the mental picture one has of oneself: our belief of how others see us; and how comfortable and confident one is in one bodies. (DiBattista)In our society people associate thinness with beauty, power, and health, as well as self worth.(DiBattista)In America there are too many girls who have negative judgement on their bodies, which causes low self esteem and other dangers such as eating disordersRead MoreEssay Health and Social Care Unit 111515 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be vulnerable and might not be able to protect themselves. Examples of this may be; cuts, bruises, and possible broken bones. The long term effects that physical abuse could have are mental illness, scared of people coming near them, loose self-esteem and confidence, and may become vulnerable. Sexual Abuse- This may occur when there is unwanted sexual contact or forceful proceedings to do something sexual which you may not want to do. This normally involves two people but could be more people

Police Brutality Is Not An Issue - 2281 Words

Within the past year, law enforcement officers across the nation have come under intense scrutiny for police encounters that have resulted in the use of force and police involved shootings. Every time a person of color is killed by a police officer, the media broadcasts the shooting nationwide, inciting hate, anger and racism. Nothing productive is achieved when the media focuses on officers killing people of color. Instead, trust, faith and respect is lost from the public, and law enforcement officers are feared. People fear that when they encounter the police, they will be shot because of who they are. Sadly, all officers across the nation deal with the harsh scrutiny that has resulted from the actions of few. Majority of officers are good, hard working individuals who would put their life on the line to save and protect human life. Yet, on a daily basis, officers across the nation are disrespected and hated, simply for the job they do and who they represent. Despite recent events, police brutality is not an issue; law enforcement officers are still deserving of the public’s trust and this trust can be rectified with the understanding of use of force, increased community policing and continued use of force training for officers. It is evident that having an understanding of use of force allows for an individual to understand why and how police officers respond to specific situations. Majority of the public may not understand how, why or when an officer may use forceShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Police Brutality1502 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is a major issue in America and has been a hot topic that is the center of controversy. There have been many efforts to stop this abuse of power. Those efforts prove to have little results that will stop it. In some cases, law enforcement officers abuse their power and go too far, but it is not always the police officer who is at fault. Many claims have been proven false and the victim can turns out to be someone merely trying to get away with a crime. Claims can be proven accurateRead MoreThe Issue Of Police Brutality1954 Words   |  8 PagesCheatham Professor Sanders HIST April 24 2015 Proposal Every person should have equal rights and opportunities not based on their ethnicity, race, or culture. There are countrywide issues that have lead to racial injustice. In recent discussions on racial injustice, one major issue has been the many cases of police brutality and hate crimes against minorities. Many falsely accused people are being incarcerated simply based on the color of their skin or how they look. Racism has been a huge part of AmericasRead MoreThe Issue Of Police Brutality1823 Words   |  8 PagesCarson O’Brien 6th Minotaur: An Essay On The Issue Of Police Brutality The poor man lurches towards the nest, a blood trail left by the cut in his foot wanders behind the fellow. His stomach stirs up in a fit, he hasnt eaten in a few days. Footsteps echo throughout the corridor, drowsey the man confuses his own footsteps for those of the creature that defends this cavern. A cold air grazes his neck as he waits to see if the his ears have mistaken something else for the creatures footstepRead MoreThe Issue Of Police Brutality1579 Words   |  7 Pagesenforcement officers. However, police brutality has been a social issue in the United States for quite some time now and is only rapidly getting worse rather than improving. With the news channels and social media exploiting videos of law enforcement officers using forceful tactics but not showing the prior encounters of the individual, it suggests the officer is unjustifiably using force. However, with the epidemic of citizen outrage by the misconception of police misconduct, it has the public demandingRe ad MorePolice Brutality Of African Americans1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years police brutality towards African Americans has increased. This violence has resulted in riots across the United States. The August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri many Americans, some who are former Civil Rights activists, have spoken out against police brutality. Black Lives Matter states that the movement’s goal is to bring justice to the present unjust police killings of African Americans. Looking at prior cases of brutality and its connection to racial profilingRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages Police Brutality in the United States University of Nebraska Kearney Colton Blankenship Abstract This research paper is an overview of police brutality in the United States. The paper covers what police brutality is and the definition. The information about police brutality is expanded about what is reasonable and excessive use of force an officer can use. Information is included about the thoughts of what the citizens feel about police brutality. Among the white andRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesPolice brutality in the United States has escalated in recent times. To develop a peaceful environment amongst human beings, one of the main topics to look at is human rights. While more often than not, police brutality violates the concept of human rights it is still a very important task to discuss the topic and create possible solutions to such a concerning and threatening issues in the United States. In this case, statistics is a very important factor that is required to display how serious ofRead MorePolice Brutality Today s Media162 6 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Brutality What do most people think of the topic of police brutality? More than once, images and stories of minorities civil rights being taken away become the topic of conversation. It is heart wrenching to see these videos and hear these stories of police brutality in today’s media. Every day there seems to be another headlining case on the topic of police brutality. Police brutality isn’t just law enforcement officers abusing the power granted to them; however, it is a much larger issueRead MoreRacism And White Privilege Enforcement Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesPolice officers, who were once referred to as peace keepers, are now more law enforcement officers. Police agencies around the United States seem to be stuck more on quotas and creating revenue for their county or city. Making many officers strive for many unnecessary arrests. Which as a following result has brought up a lot of tension between the police and their citizens. With increasing violence in cities and sta tes; police officers methods have slowly become more aggressive, bringing a rise inRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police abuse is one of the most violated human rights in the United States. Police are portrayed as heroes that stop bank robbers, stop kidnappings and catch murders, but as of recent year’s police actions have come into the public eye. While typically citizens worry about their safety from criminals, it also seems they have to keep an eye out for the people who are supposed to protect them from danger. Thousands of complaints about police brutality is reported each year, and seems

Diagnostic Essay Free Essays

Of all the things high school students complain about, being sleep deprived and tired ranks first as most problematic. The issue isn’t that kids simply choose not to get enough sleep; it is that the majority genuinely cannot. Students are constantly being badgered by parents, doctors and school faculty to get at least eight hours of sleep, but with school starting as early as 7:20, that makes getting a decent amount of sleep an almost impossible task. We will write a custom essay sample on Diagnostic Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though there are numerous other reasons as to why students are lacking leap, the start time of school is ultimately the main contributor and leads to many severely negative results. A policy causing high schools to start at 8:30 instead would greatly improve the number of better rested students. Firstly, there are a plethora of other variables preventing students from adequate sleep. Such examples include an excruciating amount of homework, extra-curricular activities and striving to maintain the Triangle Of Health. These additional issues make It even more difficult to get enough sleep. The large amount of homework sometimes has students staying up all hours of the night. Some might argue that if students manage their time efficiently they should be able to go to sleep at a reasonable hour, but even the most organized, intelligent students have trouble completing their huge quantity of homework by the time recommended getting to bed. Next, students are greatly encouraged to participate in after school activities, however, enough sleep is practically impossible to attain when most activities run until five and time is lost to complete work. Finally, students are educated in health class to maintain the Triangle of Health, a diagram representing three crucial elements to being an overall healthy person – physical, mental, and social health. So, students are trying to maintain each form of health by attempting to make time for friends and family, hobbies, at least a half hour of exercise, and stimulation of the mind through education. Overall, when students have these other things to worry about, the early start of school is really an issue when endeavoring to get enough sleep. Secondly, students’ lack of sleep affects their overall performance in school, academically and physically. Inadequate sleep in adolescents, defined as less than nine hours per night, is a known problem and a major public health concern. Sleep is food for the brain. Without the nourishment of enough sleep one can look awful, feel moody, and perform badly. While it’s true that delaying school would cause complications in bus runs and after school activities, there are many convincing reasons to do so. A study made by Dry. Kyle Hailstorm at the University of Minnesota, saw an improvement in attendance and enrollment rates, increased daytime alertness, and decreased student-reported depression in seven schools whose start time changed from 7:15 to 8:40. Other studies have shown less likelihood of experiencing depressed moods, reduced possibility for tardiness, reduced absenteeism, better grades, reduced risk of drowsy driving, and reduced risk of metabolic and nutritional deficits associated with insufficient sleep, including obesity. Another doctor, Judy Owens, MD and sleep expert undertook studies as well. She found that there was a significant average increase in sleep duration on school nights of 45 minutes across all grades nine to 12 after the change in the school start time. Her report also showed a drastic decline in students who said they rarely or never got enough sleep. The pros more than surpass the cons when it comes to a delayed school start time. All in all, if a little time and effort was put into finding solutions to the few complications that might arise in school starting at 8:30 rather than 7:20, students overall health and academic performance would improve aromatically. If there is one thing students are lacking in their lives, it is most definitely sleep and unfortunately it is a major issue. With all the incredible benefits of suitable sleep and depressing negative effects of not enough, if given the option, students would most definitely choose to sleep rather than be working on hours of school work and staying at after school activities. But, when the start time of school is as early as 7:20, students will be continuing to be sleep deprived and performing the tiring ritual of complaining of lack of sleep. How to cite Diagnostic Essay, Essays Diagnostic Essay Free Essays English class that I will have to take I am excited; I come with a great expectation of leaving behind my bad writing experiences; although a kind of weakness opaque my writing strengths I am going to take full advantage of each and every concept learn during the English 1301 class. First of all, I come with a great expectation of leaving behind my writing experiences presented in my lasts English classes. The memory of the first official essay that I wrote in life is enormously disturbing. We will write a custom essay sample on Diagnostic Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Do not remember err well the date but it is truly an experience that will always be impossible to forget. It all started when the professor assigned to each one of us a topic from which we had to develop an essay. I have to mention that the word â€Å"plagiarism† was not in my vocabulary, so I immediately went into the site of lazy people called â€Å"Wisped† and started to copy and paste all the useful information that I found. That way my worked was finished in less than 10 minutes. As well, it was no longer necessary to put attention to the professor essay explanation. Consequently, the teacher did not even take ten seconds o detect my cheat when she was grading my work. After a horrible F in my grade and after a great shame in front of everyone in my class, I realized that the lessons that the teacher had given during the class was going to help me write my essay and obviously what I did was wrong and it was considered â€Å"plagiarism†. Above all, the positive part of this bad writing experience is that promised that will never do it again, and that I was going to use every skill learned in each and every English class in order to be able to develop perfect essays without any plagiarism. On the other hand, especially in this class, a weakness opaque my writing retries; this is due to the fact that English is considered my second language. I come from Monterrey, Mexico and I moved 3 years ago to this country. My first language is Spanish. All my thoughts and ideas in my head are produced in Spanish and in a matter Of seconds I translate it into English. Of COUrse, that point that I see it as a weakness will only disappear if I give the double of the effort. However, through the pass of the years realized that one of my greatest virtues is my agility in the development themes, especially if the theme has to do with science or social problems. As a matter of fact, spent woo to three hours every day reading science magazines or books, and that has helped me when need to develop essays. That’s exactly what will do in this English 1301 course; I am going to squeeze 100% each and every knowledge given by the teacher. Improving and enhancing the area of reading comprehension through the ‘Mercury Reader book As well as learning how to adequately answer each and every question used to complete the journals. My goal is to get into the nursing program. Come with the clearly idea that every lesson, every concept learned in this course during this semester will have a positive impact on my future. How to cite Diagnostic Essay, Essays

The Impact of Mobile Phone in Our Daily Life free essay sample

A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. In addition to functioning as a telephone, a modern mobile phone typically supports additional services such as SMS (or text) messaging, MMS, e-mail and Internet access; short-range wireless (infrared or Bluetooth) communications; as well as business and gaming applications, and photography. Mobile phones that offer advanced computing abilities are referred to as smart phones. 2. 2 Background (History): The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop mobile telephony concepts using two-way radios and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services. Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessendens invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, hile hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years. Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first portable handset and the first person to make a call on a portable cell phone in April 1973. The first call he made was to his rival, Joel Engel, Bell Labs head of research. ATTs research arm, Bell Laboratories, introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947. But Motorola and Bell Labs in the sixties and early seventies were in a race to incorporate the technology into portable devices. Cooper, now 70, wanted people to be able to carry their phones with them anywhere. While he was a project manager at Motorola in 1973, Cooper set up a base station in New York with the first working prototype of a cellular telephone, the Motorola Dyna-Tac. After some initial testing in Washington for the F. C. C. , Mr. Cooper and Motorola took the phone technology to New York to show the public. | [pic] |The First Cellphone (1973) | | | | | |Name: Motorola Dyna-Tac | | |Size: 9 x 5 x 1. 75 inches | | |Weight: 2. pounds | | |Display: None | | |Number of Circuit Boards: 30 | | |Talk time: 35 minutes | | |Recharge Time: 10 hours | | |Features: Talk, listen, dial | In 1973, when the company installed the base station to handle the first public demonstration of a phone call over the cellular network, Motorola was trying to persuade the Federal Communications Commission to allocate frequency space to private companies for use in the emerging technology of cellular communications. After some initial testing in Washington for the F. C. C. , Mr. Cooper and Motorola took the phone technology to New York to show the public. On April 3, 1973, standing on a street near the Manhattan Hilton, Mr. Cooper decided to attempt a private call before going to a press conference upstairs in the hotel. He picked up the 2-pound Motorola handset called the Dyna-Tac and pushed the off hook button. The phone came alive, connecting Mr. Cooper with the base station on the roof of the Burlington Consolidated Tower (now the Alliance Capital Building) and into the land-line system. To the bewilderment of some passers-by, he dialed the number and held the phone to his ear. 2. 3 Literature Review: Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association conducted a research study on the selected topic before which was published in June 2007. The study was aimed to have a sound knowledge of the impact of mobile on work/life balance. Moreover the researchers wanted to find the benefits of mobile phone some of them were service provider. Their research key findings were: †¢ The lowest mobile phone use is found among those aged 60 years or more, but the mobile phone is so universally diffused that use is unaffected by income levels and occupation. †¢ The majority of users are subscribers and prepaid use is concentrated among those under 25 years. Around a quarter of managers and associate professionals have their bills paid by their employer, whereas in other occupations around 10% or less benefit from employer support. Cost is by far the major reason given for choice of handset, while there is no single factor which explains the choice of service provider. †¢ ‘Convenience’ of the mobile phone is the reason most frequently given for choosing to talk on a mobile rather than a landline. ‘Costà ¢â‚¬â„¢ is a major reason for preferring to talk using a landline rather than a mobile. †¢ There is a very high awareness of 3G (86% of males and 75% of females). But 61% of respondents indicate that they do not access internet services via their mobile phone. The lag in take-up is a topic for further research. †¢ Logs of actual calls made and SMS texts sent show that the predominant use of the mobile is for contacting family and friends, with work-related reasons far less important. Men make more calls for business purposes, while women use the mobile for social connectivity. †¢ Typically mobile phone users call relatively infrequently, with 28% making calls less than once a day. †¢ Calls cluster by time of day, according to purpose. Most work-related calls are made in standard working hours. The rate of calls to family and friends are low in working hours but high at the end of school hours and in the evening. †¢ Perceived reasons for using a mobile are talk and messages. Other uses, including data transmission, are at this point minor. †¢ Asynchronous communication practices, such as turning off your mobile to avoid being disturbed, are common techniques. Ninety per cent of the respondents ‘normally’ switch off their phone in the cinema, two- thirds switch off their phone at work meetings, and almost half turn off their phones in restaurants. Women are more reluctant than men to take their mobile phone on holiday ‘to talk to work colleagues’. †¢ A third of workers say that it would be difficult to do their job properly without their mobile. This is particularly the case for men. †¢ Half of employed respondents think that mobiles increase their workload, for 42% the effect is neutral, and a few (9%) think mobiles reduce their workload. This is offset by productivity gains. Over half (55%) of employed respondents indicate that job-related mobile calls increase their productivity. Over two-thirds of the respondents report that the mobile phone is an important medium for maintaining kinship ties, especially for women. The mobile is a device well suited to maintaining intimate relationships at a geograph ical distance. †¢ Conveying information about ‘timing of the arrival at home’ and ‘arranging to meet with other family members’ are the major uses of the mobile phone for micro-coordination. Among parents, ‘arranging to deliver goods or children’ and finding out where children are’ is rated as important. †¢ More than half of the employed respondents believe that the mobile helps them to balance their family and working lives. Very few report that the mobile phone has a negative impact on their work-life balance. The mobile phone is an indispensable part of the everyday life of Australians. More than 90% report that their lives could not ‘proceed as normal’ if they were suddenly without their mobile phone. †¢ Carrying a mobile phone makes most people (75%) feel more secure. †¢ When asked about the impact of the mobile phone on their sense of time pressure, 39% report that the mobile reduces time pressure, while 33% report it increases pressure. †¢ Most people (59%) find that the mobile phone does not affect their level of stress. Of those who report that it has some impact, respondents are three times more likely to say that it reduces their stress level. Contrary to fears about the intrusive character of the mobile phone on leisure, few respondents (4%) report that the mobile reduces the quality of their leisure time. 2. 4 Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine and compare the extent of vocational training, satisfaction in employment/careers, and socio-economic improvement of the project-assisted institute graduates and non-assisted institute graduates. The second objective was to determine and compare educational development of the project-assisted and non-assisted institutes as perceived by teachers, administrators, and current students. A final objective was to identify employers’ skill requirements for today’s work, their use of curren t technology, and their planning for perceived future trends. The overall study objective is to formulate a broad planning and development framework setting out guidelines and standards for more effective and comprehensive planning for pedestrians at different levels of planning, based on which conceptual Pedestrian Plans would be prepared for application and assessment of broad impacts and implementation mechanisms of the pedestrian planning. The Study aims to promote pedestrian planning in the plan making and development process and establish the prima facie feasibility. 3. Research Methodology 3. 1 Data Sources: Data-collection techniques allow us to systematically collect information about our objects of study (people, objects, phenomena) and about the settings in which they occur. In the collection of data we have to be systematic. If data are collected haphazardly, it will be difficult to answer our research questions in a conclusive way. Various data collection techniques can be used such as: †¢ Primary Data †¢ Secondary Data P rimary Data: Using available information: Usually there is a large amount of data that has already been collected by others, although it may not necessarily have been analyses or published. Locating these sources and retrieving the information is a good starting point in any data collection effort. For example, analysis of the information routinely collected by health facilities can be very useful for identifying problems in certain interventions or in flows of drug supply, or for identifying increases in the incidence of certain diseases. The use of key informants is another important technique to gain access to available information. Key informants could be knowledgeable community leaders or health staff at various levels and one or two informative members of the target group. It can be involved in various stages of the research, from the statement of the problem to analysis of the data and development of recommendations. Other sources of available data are newspapers and published case histories. The advantage of using existing data is that collection is inexpensive. However, it is sometimes difficult to gain access to the records or reports required, and the data may not always be complete and precise enough, or too disorganized. Observing: OBSERVATION is a technique that involves systematically selecting, watching and recording behavior and characteristics of living beings, objects or phenomena. Observation of human behaviors is a much-used data collection technique. It can be undertaken in different ways: Participant observation: The observer takes part in the situation he or she observes. (For example, a doctor hospitalized with a broken hip, who now observes hospital procedures ‘from within’. ) Non-participant observation: The observer watches the situation, openly or concealed, but does not participate. Secondary Data: 1. Press release: Standard smartphone charger to dominate in two years http://www. theregister. co. uk/2010/12/29/standard_charger/. 2. Cell Phone Battery Guide. 3. Number of Cell Phones Worldwide Hits 4. 6B. CBS News. 2010-02-15. http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2010/02/15/business/main6209772. shtml. 4. Nokia Market Share Slides Gartner http://online. wsj. om/article/BT-CO-20110209-705792. html 5. Health and Environment Science Milestones 3. 2 Survey Questionnaire: Answers to the questions posed during an interview can be recorded by writing them down (either during the interview itself or immediately after the interview) or by tape-recording the responses, or by a combinati on of both. Interviews can be conducted with varying degrees of flexibility. The two extremes, high and low degree of flexibility, are described below: High degree of flexibility: The unstructured or loosely structured method of asking questions can be used for interviewing individuals as well as groups of key informants. A flexible method of interviewing is useful if a researcher has as yet little understanding of the problem or situation he is investigating, or if the topic is sensitive. It is frequently applied in exploratory studies. The instrument used may be called an interview guide or interview schedule. Low degree of flexibility: Less flexible methods of interviewing are useful when the researcher is relatively knowledgeable about expected answers or when the number of respondents being interviewed is relatively large. Then questionnaires may be used with a fixed list of questions in a standard sequence, which have mainly fixed or pre-categorized answers. We have attached the survey question papers at the end of the report. And the analyzing of answer is: The Bad Effects |Yes |No | |Mobile kills time |25% |75% | |Destroying young generation |63. 64% | 36. 36% | |Harmful for health | 90% |10% | |Breaking close relation |36. 36% |6 3. 64% | |Making us idle |27. 7% |72. 73% | |Bad offers provide d |18. 18% |81. 82% | |Current charges |63. 64% |36. 36% | |Increasing eve teasing |27. 27% |72. 73% | [pic] 3. 3 Analyzing: The Social Impact of Mobile Telephony Mobile telephony is without doubt one of the most explosive developments ever to have taken place in the telecommunications industry. By the end of 1990 there were just 11 million cellular subscribers world-wide; eight years later that figure had jumped to 320 million and is now forecast by the ITU to exceed 550million by the end of next year. Penetration rates in the Nordic countries were close to 60% by September 1999, led by Finland (63%), Norway (58%), Iceland (56%) and Sweden (53%). Mobile growth around the world has also been nothing short of astonishing. China posted an 87% combined annual subscriber growth rate from 1995 to 1998, with other major economies like Brazil (82%) and South Africa (67%) not far behind. For the world’s poorest countries, cellular telephony and wireless local loop systems represent the best chance yet of bringing the power of telecommunications to economically disadvantaged or isolated communities. Cambodia, for example, is one of only half a dozen countries in the world where cellular subscribers already outnumber fixed-line subscribers. Without doubt, mobile telephony offers enormous advantages – added convenience, greater personal security, and the ability to take advantage of ‘dead’ time to do business on the move. But the picture isn’t all rosy. Like most young technologies, mobile telephony is experiencing its share of teething troubles, including concerns about environmental impact, health and safety, and, of course, the social changes being wrought by a technology which, by making us permanently contactable, is having a profound effect on our interpersonal interaction. A Steel-and-Concrete Jungle Many cities around the world are becoming blighted by a gaggle of ugly mobile antennae, which spoil once-pleasant views, detract from the authenticity of historical areas, and exacerbate the often already overwhelming presence of intrusive urban infrastructure such as electricity poles, telephone lines, traffic management equipment and signage. Predictably, environmental complaints have been the loudest in developed countries, where zoning laws, property rights and environmental obligations are often more strictly enforced, and where reliable access to a range of communications services is, in any case, largely taken for granted. Communities in developing countries are, conversely, often so grateful for modern communications infrastructure that they are happy enough – for the moment at least – to turn a blind eye to environmental aesthetics. In order to avoid problems with environmental groups and local communities – which can be potentially costly in terms of both legal fees and delays in network roll-out – many equipment manufacturers and operators are now working on ways to reduce the environmental impact of cellular antennas. In the Central Business Districts of large, modern cities, the problem is relatively easily solved by simply integrating a large number of small antennas into the facades of tall buildings. In suburban and semi-rural areas, on the other hand, the large, steel-grey structures needed to support larger cells are harder to hide – yet some operators have nonetheless come up with innovative solutions. In South Africa, for example, at least one operator has taken to camouflaging GSM towers in tropical palm trees – with surprisingly successful results. Elsewhere, the tall spires of churches and cathedrals are being used to hide antennas, representing a positive solution for both the general public and the religious organizations which suddenly find themselves with profitable antenna-site rental on their hands. Etiquette for the Modern Age When it comes to the undesirable side-effects of an increasingly ‘unwired’ world, poor mobile phone etiquette is today without doubt the world’s biggest collective gripe. Many companies and organizations are now taking active steps to cultivate more socially acceptable use of mobile phones, among them many of the biggest cellular operators and leading equipment vendors. Most, in fact, have now produced booklets on mobile etiquette, and have a policy of asking their own staff to turn off their phones while in meetings. At Harrod’s, in London, shoppers are asked politely to turn off their phones as they enter the store. And many entertainment venues now make announcements before the beginning of each performance asking members of the audience to switch off before the lights go down. One of Europe’s bigger mobile operators recently took the offensive by launching an advertising campaign aimed at encouraging more responsible and considerate use of cell phones. The campaign, which began with a series of cinema advertisements reminding people to turn off their phones before the movie, is targeted at people who not only take calls in socially inappropriate places, like restaurants, live entertainment events or churches, but speak so loudly that everyone in the immediate vicinity is obliged to listen to their call. This intrusive aspect of mobile telephony recently prompted a columnist in the New York Times to publish an article denouncing the technology as the ‘real’ Y2K virus. Aside from being scathingly critical of the growing number of people inconsiderate enough to inflict their calls on other restaurant diners, theatre-goers and the like, the article pointed to a more insidious problem – the tendency for mobile technologies to lead to overwork and exploitation. Indeed, growing numbers of cell phone users can frequently be heard to complain that their company now expects them to be available virtually 24 hours a day. Always contactable has come to mean always available, to the point where people are finding work taking over their evenings, weekends and even holidays. A Complex Dilemma While most handset manufacturers say the answer to this problem is simply to turn off the phone, this simple action can be a hard one for many people, especially in times of increasing stress at work. Older employees fear being considered out of touch with new working methods; younger staffers fear being passed over for promotion in favour of more ‘wired’ colleagues. Solving problems of etiquette and over-connectedness requires action from two separate camps. Mobile users need to become more aware of the fact that being interrupted during a face-to-face meeting or social engagement, or having to listen to loud conversations that don’t concern them, is a source of annoyance to most people. Mobile phone users should turn their handsets off whenever receiving a call would be inappropriate – for example, in any public place where others are in close proximity, at religious services, funerals, weddings, or in quiet places like nature reserves. New technologies like GSM’s Simple Message Service (SMS), call diversion and voice mail, and discreetly vibrating cell phones leave little excuse for bad manners. In an exceptional case when taking a call in company is unavoidable, users should excuse themselves before answering the phone, and then go to a quiet place where they can sort out their business in private. The second camp is companies – and this means colleagues and immediate bosses, not just senior management. Companies need to accord a greater amount of respect to employees’ right to personal time. Ideally they should define a corporate policy on out-of-hours calls, and ensure staff stick to it. Not only will a responsible, respectful policy on mobile phone use keep employees happier and more motivated, it will ultimately translate into greater efficiencies, since staff who don’t fear constant interruptions are more likely to make themselves available to deal with a real emergency. Safety in Numbers When people are talking on a mobile phone, they’re often paying less attention than they should to what’s going on around them. This can be dangerous in certain situations, such as around building sites or – particularly – when driving a car. One extreme case, which came to light on the international press wire services this summer, told of a man picked up while driving in the Israeli town of Netanya with a mobile phone glued to each ear. The man had become so engrossed in his conversations that he had taken to steering with his elbows – and was flagged down by a policewoman who had noticed his car weaving treacherously from side to side. While this is an exaggerated example, the use of mobile phones while driving is considered sufficiently dangerous by many governments that it is banned in at least a dozen countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland. Social Outcasts or New Freedoms? The problem of social alienation is perhaps the hardest to pin down, yet is potentially one of the most destructive results of a world over-reliant on wireless communications. Sociologists are already beginning to note that many people, especially those under 30 years old, are spending a great deal of time speaking to people they are not with, at the expense of those who are actually there. A telling example comes from Finland, which has over 60% mobile penetration. There, entire groups of young people sitting together are frequently seen to be talking on their mobile phones to absent friends and colleagues. It’s the ultimate in social alienation, and indicative, say some, of a trend which threatens to eat away at our sense of social cohesion. Whether it’s the novelty of the technology or our simple need to feel wanted, the human brain seems to register incoming electronic signals as inherently more urgent and important than the interpersonal signals coming from a fellow human being in front of us. Team this with an almost universal desire to avoid personal contact – witness the popularity of every kind of impersonal invention, from e-mail and the Internet to automatic teller machines – and it’s clear that alienation could prove a serious side effect of a technology whose selling point until now has often focused on slogans like It’s about communications between people or Connecting People. On the other hand cellular telephony has brought great and new freedoms for youngsters – and increased security and peace of mind for their parents. It is now possible for young people equipped with cellphones to stay in touch with their parents and for parents to stay in touch with their children. This can help reduce or eliminate the need for meaningless restrictions on young people that were only in place because of parents’ anxiety as to their childrens’ activities or whereabouts. Costs need not even be a major issue, since these can be controlled through the use of pre-paid cards. On personal life of teens This includes examples of applications and uses of mobile phones, which drastically impact to the personal lives of teens. Some of the potential areas may include: †¢ Accessibility †¢ Emancipation †¢ Safety †¢ Individuality, status and confidence †¢ Competence in communications †¢ Communications and connectedness †¢ Amusing †¢ Confidentiality †¢ Planned life †¢ Time management This issue represents any improvements in the relationship of individuals with their family and friends. This may be related to the personal improvements in the previous section but the emphasis is not on the person but more on the relations with family and friends. But there are situations were children especially teens neglect food, parents, relations, kith and kin while using their cell phones. Specially while messaging. This drastically affects their personal life. On the other hand there are many health hazards to which teens and children become target. The radio-frequencies damage the tissues and genes of their young body very soon. A Thought for a Digital Age Aside from yet-unanswered questions relating to health, the positive use of mobile technologies lies largely in our hands – in the hands of government, when it comes to environmental issues and safety regulations; in the hands of operators, who can do much to ensure the smooth integration of the technology into our society, both in terms of equipment design and aesthetics, and through initiatives which help train people in mobile phone etiquette; in the hands of employers, who can take pains to ensure staff with corporate mobiles are not abused; and ultimately, in the hands of users, who need to cultivate a greater level of awareness and work to ensure that their phone use does not negatively impact the lives of those around them. With a little effort on everyone’s part, the benefits of mobile connectivity should serve to enhance our experience of life, offering us more freedom, and ultimately creating a better society in which people really do feel closer together. Health Effect of Mobile Phone: The effect mobile phone radiation has on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world (as of June 2009[update], there were more than 4. 3 billion users worldwide). Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, which some believe may be harmful to human health. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation. A large body of research exists, both epidemiological and experimental, in non-human animals and in humans, of which the majority shows no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects in humans. The World Health Organization, based upon the majority view of scientific and medical communities, has stated that cancer is unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and that reviews have found no convincing evidence for other health effects. Some national radiation advisory authorities have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens as a precautionary approach. Many scientific studies have investigated possible health effects of mobile phone radiations. These studies are occasionally reviewed by some scientific committees to assess overall risks. A recent assessment was published in 2007 by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). It concludes that the three lines of evidence, viz. animal, in vitro, and epidemiological studies, indicate that exposure to RF fields is unlikely to lead to an increase in cancer in humans. Radiation absorption [pic] Calculated specific absorbed radiation (SAR) distribution in an anatomical model of head next to a 125 mW dipole antenna. Peak SAR is 9. 5 W/kg averaged over a 1 mg cube. (USAF/AFRL). Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the human head. The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset can have a peak power of 2 watts, and a US analogue phone had a maximum transmit power of 3. 6 watts. Other digital mobile technologies, such as CDMA2000 and D-AMPS, use lower output power, typically below 1 watt. The maximum power output from a mobile phone is regulated by the mobile phone standard and by the regulatory agencies in each country. In most systems the cell phone and the base station check reception quality and signal strength and the power level is increased or decreased automatically, within a certain span, to accommodate different situations, such as inside or outside of buildings and vehicles. The rate at which radiation is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximum levels for modern handsets have been set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set a SAR limit of 1. 6 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1  gram of tissue, for the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 10  grams of tissue. SAR values are heavily dependent on the size of the averaging volume. Without information about the averaging volume used, comparisons between different measurements cannot be made. Thus, the European 10-gram ratings should be compared among themselves, and the American 1-gram ratings should only be compared among themselves. SAR data for specific mobile phones, along with other useful information, can be found directly on manufacturers websites, as well as on third party web sites. Thermal effects One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating, in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The brains blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow. However, the cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation mechanism and exposure of 2–3 hours duration has been reported to produce cataracts in rabbits eyes at SAR values from 100-140W/kg, which produced reticular temperatures of 41 °C. There were no cataracts detected in the eyes of monkeys exposed under similar conditions. Premature cataracts have not been linked with cell phone use, possibly because of the lower power output of mobile phones. Non-thermal effects The communications protocols used by mobile phones often result in low-frequency pulsing of the carrier signal. Whether these modulations have biological significance has been subject to debate. Some researchers have argued that so-called non-thermal effects could be reinterpreted as a normal cellular response to an increase in temperature. The German biophysicist Roland Glaser, for example, has argued that there are several thermo receptor molecules in cells, and that they activate a cascade of second and third messenger systems, gene expression mechanisms and production of heat shock proteins in order to defend the cell against metabolic cell stress caused by heat. The increases in temperature that cause these changes are too small to be detected by studies such as REFLEX, which base their whole argument on the apparent stability of thermal equilibrium in their cell cultures. Other researchers believe the stress proteins are unrelated to thermal effects, since they occur for both extremely low frequencies (ELF) and radio frequencies (RF), which have very different energy levels. Another preliminary study published in 2011 by The Journal of the American Medical Association conducted using fluoride oxy glucose injections and positron emission tomography concluded that exposure to radiofrequency signal waves within parts of the brain closest to the cell phone antenna resulted in increased levels of glucose metabolism, but the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Blood-brain barrier effects Swedish researchers from Lund University (Salford, Brun, Persson, Eberhardt, nd Malmgren) have studied the effects of microwave radiation on the rat brain. They found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a permeated blood-brain barrier. This confirms earlier work on the blood-brain barrier by Allan Frey, Oscar and Hawkins, and Albert and Kerns. Other groups have not confirmed these findings in cell or animal studies. Cancer In 2006 a large Danish study about the connection between mobile phone use and cancer incidence was published. It followed over 420,000 Danish citizens for 20 years and showed no increased risk of cancer. The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) considers this report inconclusive. The following studies of long time exposure have been published: †¢ The 13 nation INTERPHONE project the largest study of its kind ever undertaken has now been published and did not find a solid link between mobile phones and brain tumors. The International Journal of Epidemiology published a combined data analysis from a multi national population-based case-control study of glioma and meningioma, the most common types of brain tumor. The authors reported the following conclusion: Overall, no increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed with use of mobile phones. There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and error prevent a causal interpretation. The possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones require further investigation. In the press release accompanying the release of the paper, Dr Christopher Wild, Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) said: An increased risk of brain cancer is not established from the data from Interphone. However, observations at the highest level of cumulative call time and the changing patterns of mobile phone use since the period studied by Interphone, particularly in young people, mean that further investigation of mobile phone use and brain cancer risk is merited. A number of independent health and government authorities have commented on this important study including The Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bio effects Research (ACRBR) which said in a statement that: Until now there have been concerns that mobile phones were causing increases in brain tumors. Interphone is both large and rigorous enough to address this claim, and it has not provided any convincing scientific evidence of an association between mobile phone use and the development of glioma or meningioma. While the study demonstrates some weak evidence of an association with the highest tenth of cumulative call time (but only in those who started mobile phone use most recently), the authors conclude that biases and errors limit the strength of any conclusions in this group. It now seems clear that if there was an effect of mobile phone use on brain tumour risks in adults, this is likely to be too small to be detectable by even a large multinational study of the size of Interphone. The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) which said in a statement that: On the basis of current understanding of the relationship between brain cancer and use of mobile phones, including the recently published data from the INTERPHONE study, ARPANSA: concludes that currently available data do not warrant any general recommendation to limit use of mobile phones in the adult population, continues to inform those concerned about potential health effects that they may limit their exposure by reducing call time, by making calls where reception is good, by using hands-free devices or speaker options, or by testing; and recommends that, due to the lack of any data relating to children and long term use of mobile phones, parents encourage their children to limit their exposure by reducing call time, by making calls where reception is good, by using hands-free devices or speaker options, or by testing. The Cancer Council Australia said in a statement that it ca utiously welcomed the results of the largest international study to date into mobile phone use, which has found no evidence that normal use of mobile phones, for a period up to 12 years, can cause brain cancer. Chief Executive Officer, Professor Ian Olver, said findings from the Interphone study, conducted across 13 countries including Australia, were consistent with other research that had failed to find a link between mobile phones and cancer. This supports previous research showing mobile phones don’t damage cell DNA, meaning they can’t cause the type of genetic mutations that develop into cancer,† Professor Olver said. However, it has been suggested that electromagnetic fields associated with mobile phones may play a role in speeding up the development of an existing cancer. The Interphone study found no evidence to support this theory. †¢ A Danish study (2004) that took place over 10 years found no evidence to support a link. However, this study has been criticized for collecting data from subscriptions and not necessarily from actual users. It is known that some subscribers do not use the phones themselves but provide them for family members to use. That this happens is supported by the observation that only 61% of a small sample of the subscribers reported use of mobile phones when responding to a questionnaire. †¢ A Swedish study (2005) that draws the conclusion that the data do not support the hypothesis that mobile phone use is related to an increased risk of glioma or meningioma. †¢ A British study (2005) that draws the conclusion that The study suggests that there is no substantial risk of acoustic neuroma in the first decade after starting mobile phone use. However, an increase in risk after longer term use or after a longer lag period could not be ruled out. †¢ A German study (2006) that states In conclusion, no overall increased risk of glioma or meningioma was observed among these cellular phone users; however, for long-term cellular phone users, results need to be confirmed before firm conclus ions can be drawn. †¢ A joint study conducted in northern Europe that draws the conclusion that Although our results overall do not indicate an increased risk of glioma in relation to mobile phone use, the possible risk in the most heavily exposed part of the brain with long-term use needs to be explored further before firm conclusions can be drawn. Other studies on cancer and mobile phones are: A Swedish scientific team at the Karolinska Institute conducted an epidemiological study (2004) that suggested that regular use of a mobile phone over a decade or more was associated with an increased risk of acoustic neuroma, a type of benign brain tumor. The increase was not noted in those who had used phones for fewer than 10 years. †¢ The INTERPHONE study group from Japan published the results of a study of brain tumour risk and mobile phone use. They used a new approach: determining the SAR inside a tumour by calculating the radio frequency field absorption in the exact tumo ur location. Cases examined included glioma, meninigioma, and pituitary adenoma. They reported that the overall odds ratio (OR) was not increased and that there was no significant trend towards an increasing OR in relation to exposure, as measured by SAR. In 2007, Dr. Lennart Hardell, from Orebro University in Sweden, reviewed published epidemiological papers (2 cohort studies and 16 case-control studies) and found that: †¢ Cell phone users had an increased risk of malignant gliomas. †¢ Link between cell phone use and a higher rate of acoustic neuromas. †¢ Tumors are more likely to occur on the side of the head that the cell handset is used. †¢ One hour of cell phone use per day significantly increases tumor risk after ten years or more. In a February 2008 update on the status of the INTERPHONE study IARC stated that the long term findings ‘†¦could either be causal or artifactual, related to differential recall between cases and controls. ’ †¢ A self-published and non-peer reviewed meta-study by Dr. Vini Khurana, an Australian neurosurgeon, presented what it termed increasing body of evidence. for a link between mobile phone usage and certain brain tumors and that it is anticipated that this danger has far broader public health ramifications than asbestos and smoking. This was criticised as ‘†¦ an unbalanced analysis of the literature, which is also selective in support of the author’s claims. ’ A publication titled Public health implications of wireless technologies cites that Lennart Hardell found age is a significant factor. The report repeated the finding that the use of cell phones before age 20 increased the risk of brain tumors by 5. 2, compared to 1. for all ages. A review by Hardell et al. concluded that current mobile phones are not safe for long-term exposure. In a time trends study in Europe, conducted by the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology in Copenhagen, no significant increase in brain tumors among cell phone users was found between the ye ars of 1998 and 2003. The lack of a trend change in incidence from 1998 to 2003 suggests that the induction period relating mobile phone use to brain tumors exceeds 5–10 years, the increased risk in this population is too small to be observed, the increased risk is restricted to subgroups of brain tumors or mobile phone users, or there is no increased risk. Cognitive effects A 2009 study examined the effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by standard GSM cell phones on the cognitive functions of humans. The study confirmed longer (slower) response times to a spatial working memory task when exposed to RFR from a standard GSM cellular phone placed next to the head of male subjects, and showed that longer duration of exposure to RFR may increase the effects on performance. Right-handed subjects exposed to RFR on the left side of their head on average had significantly longer response times when compared to exposure to the right side and sham-exposure. Ele ctromagnetic hypersensitivity Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several unspecific symptoms during and after its use; ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to stress and that current research cannot separate the symptoms from nocebo effects. Genotoxic effects A large early 2009 meta-study of 101 scientific publications on genotoxicity of RF electromagnetic fields shows that 49 report a genotoxic effect and 42 do not. Research published in 2004 by a team at the University of Athens had a reduction in reproductive capacity in fruit flies exposed to 6 minutes of 900  MHz pulsed radiation for five days. Subsequent research, again conducted on fruit flies, was published in 2007, with the same exposure pattern but conducted at both 900  MHz and 1800  MHz, and had similar changes in reproductive capacity with no significant difference between the two frequencies Following additional tests published in a third article, the authors stated they thought their research suggested the changes were â€Å"†¦due to degeneration of large numbers of egg chambers after DNA fragmentation of their constituent cells †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Australian research conducted in 2009 by subjecting in vitro samples of human spermatozoa to radio-frequency radiation at 1. 8  GHz and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0. 4 to 27. 5 W/kg showed a correlation between increasing SAR and decreased motility and vitality in sperm, increased oxidative stress and 8-Oxo-2-deoxyguanosine markers, stimulating DNA base adduct formation and increased DNA fragmentation. In 1995, in the journal Bioelectromagnetics, Henry L ai and Narenda P. Singh reported damaged DNA after two hours of microwave radiation at levels deemed safe according to government standards. Later, in December 2004, a pan-European study named REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Energy Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods), involving 12 collaborating laboratories in several countries showed some compelling evidence of DNA damage of cells in in-vitro cultures, when exposed between 0. 3 to 2 watts/kg, whole-sample average. There were indications, but not rigorous evidence of other cell changes, including damage to chromosomes, alterations in the activity of certain genes and a boosted rate of cell division. Reviews of in vitro genotoxicity studies have generally concluded that RF is not genotoxic and that studies reporting positive effects had experimental deficiences. Sleep and EEG effects Sleep, EEG and waking rCBF have been studied in relation to RF exposure for a decade now, and the majority of papers published to date have found some form of effect. While a Finnish study failed to find any effect on sleep or other cognitive function from pulsed RF exposure, most other papers have found significant effects on sleep. Two of these papers found the effect was only present when the exposure was pulsed (amplitude modulated), and one early paper actually found that sleep quality (measured by the amount of participants broken sleep) actually improved. While some papers were inconclusive or inconsistent, a number of studies have now demonstrated reversible EEG and rCBF alterations from exposure to pulsed RF exposure. German research from 2006 found that statistically significant EEG changes could be consistently found, but only in a relatively low proportion of study participants (12 30%). Health hazards of base stations Another area of concern is the radiation emitted by the fixed infrastructure used in mobile telephony, such as base stations and their antennas, which provide the link to and from mobile phones. This is because, in contrast to mobile handsets, it is emitted continuously and is more powerful at close quarters. On the other hand, field intensities drop rapidly with distance away from the base of the antenna because of the attenuation of power with the square of distance. Base station emissions must comply with safety guidelines (see Safety standards and licensing below). Some countries however (such as South Africa for example) have no health regulations governing the placement of base stations. Several surveys have found a variety of self-reported symptoms for people who live close to base stations. However, there are significant challenges in conducting studies of populations near base stations, especially in assessment of individual exposure. Self-report studies can also be vulnerable to the nocebo effect. Two double-blind placebo-controlled trials conducted at the University of Essex and another in Switzerland concluded that mobile phone masts were unlikely to be causing these short term effects in a group of volunteers who complained of such symptoms. The Essex study found that subjects were unable to tell whether they were being exposed to electromagnetic fields or not, and that sensitive subjects reported lower well-being independently of exposure. The principal investigator concluded It is clear that sensitive individuals are suffering real symptoms and often have a poor quality of life. It is now important to determine what other factors could be causing these symptoms, so appropriate research studies and treatment strategies can be developed. Experts consulted by France considered it was mandatory that main antenna axis not to be directly in front of a living place at a distance shorter than 100 meters. This recommendation was modified in 2003 to say that antennas located within a 100-metre radius of primary schools or childcare facilities should be better integrated into the cityscape and was not included in a 2005 expert report. The Agence francaise de securite sanitaire environnementale currently says that there is no demonstrated short term effect of electromagnetic fields on health, but that there are open questions for long term effects, and that its easy to reduce exposure via technological improvements. Occupational health hazards Telecommunication workers who spend time at a short distance from the active equipment, for the purposes of testing, maintenance, installation, etcetera, may be at risk of much greater exposure than the general population. Many times base stations are not turned off during maintenance, but the power being sent through to the antennas is cut off, so that the workers do not have to work near live antennas. A variety of studies over the past 50 years have been done on workers exposed to high RF radiation levels; studies including radar laboratory workers, military radar workers, electrical workers, and amateur radio operators. Most of these studies found no increase in cancer rates over the general population or a control group. Many positive results could have been attributed to other work environment conditions, and many negative results of reduced cancer rates also occurred. Safety standards and licensing In order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value. There are many proposed national and international standards, but that of the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is the most respected one, and has been adopted so far by more than 80 countries. For radio stations, ICNIRP proposes two safety levels: one for occupational exposure, another one for the general population. Currently there are efforts underway to harmonize the different standards in existence. Radio base licensing procedures have been established in the majority of urban spaces regulated either at municipal/county, provincial/state or national level. Mobile telephone service providers are, in many regions, required to obtain construction licenses, provide certification of antenna emission levels and assure compliance to ICNIRP standards and/or to other environmental legislation. Many governmental bodies also require that competing telecommunication companies try to achieve sharing of towers so as to decrease environmental and cosmetic impact. This issue is an influential factor of rejection of installation of new antennas and towers in communities. The safety standards in the U. S. are set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC has based its standards primarily on those standards established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), specifically Subcommittee 4 of the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety. Switzerland has set safety limits lower than the ICNIRP limits for certain sensitive areas (classrooms, for example). 4. Conclusion: We have found from the study that students are not aware of the bad uses of mobile phone. Rather they think it is important for them. Not only that they use it mostly for 1-2 hours. They also don’t know its harmful for their health. So, we recommend to launch a campaign with a view to helping students know about mobile’s bad side. Thus mobile phones have both positive and negative impacts on human ambiance. But as a saying goes- good thing highlighted can efface bad ones- lets us look at the advantages more than the demerits aiming greater heights. 5. Bibliography 1. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mobile_phone 2. www. themobilestore. in/ 3. http://www. gsmandroid. com/2011-ces-smartphones/214/ 4. Health and Environment Science Milestones 5. Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile telephones and their base stations. Fact sheet N °193. World Health Organization 6. top-callingcards. com/ 7. www. slideshare. net 8. www. textbooksrus. com 9. NTERPHONE Study Group (2010). Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case–control study. International Journal of Epidemiology 39 (3): 1ndash20. doi:10. 1093/ije/dyq079. PMID  2048383 Impact of mobile phone The answers that you give are highly appreciated. Please provide the information that is request ed for. Confidentiality is guaranteed and no third party will have access to your details. Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Age†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Occupation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. e-mail†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Place of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1) Mobile phone is essential for what types of people? ? Business man ? Service holder ? Student 2) What do you mainly use your mobile phone for? ? Calling ? SMS ? Internet browsing 3) How many hours do you speak on the phone daily? ? Less than 1 hour ? 1-2 hours ? More than 2 hours 4) Is mobile phone killing your time? ? Yes? No 5) Do you think mobile phone is destroying young generation? ? Yes? No 6) What you think is it harmful for our health? ? Yes? No 7) Do you think is it breaking our close (face to face) relation? ? Yes? No 8) What types of mobile phone do you like? ? Multimedia phone ? Normal phone ? G phone 9) What do you think our mobile phone company is giving you right offers? ? Yes? No 10) Are you happy with the current charges of the services? ? Yes? No 11) Is people use to telling lie fore mobile phone? ? Yes? No 12) What you think mobile phone is increasing eve teasing? ? Yes? No 13) Is it making us idle? ? Yes? No 14) Please give some example about bad effect of mobile phone. (a)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (b)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (c)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (d)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (e)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15) Please give your comment about mobile phone. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Policing Work Effectively with Diversity Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Policing Work Effectively with Diversity. Answer: Based on the 2015-16 SAPOL Annual Report-Appendix 3, there are various attempts that SAPOL had implemented in order to enhance diversity and these include among others ensuring that they implement equal opportunity programs from people of diverse backgrounds. SAPOL does that by ensuring that it provides the funding of a maximum of 3 Indigenous Police Youth Traineeship or IPYT for the period that started on January 2016. In addition to that, SAPOL also employed one graduate and three trainees under the Jobs4Youth program in which one of the trainees was an Aboriginal while the other two trainees were actually from linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds (South Australia Police, 2016). That apart, SAPOL also ensured that one graduate that was employed during that period came from a linguistically and culturally diverse background. Another significant attempt made by SAPOL in order to enhance diversity is that it in the year 2012, it received funding from the Department of Edu cation, Employment and Workforce Relations (DEEWR) to operate an IPEP that was developed to help both the Aboriginal Toress Strait Islanders (ATSI) to join the police force (Stenning, 2016). The fact that the program was run by relevant stakeholders in collaboration with SAPOL such as Maxima which is an Indigenous Employment Service Provider: is full evidence that it is committed to diversity (Wimmer, 2016). The aim of the Agency Specific Equal Opportunity Initiatives based on Appendix 3 of the 2015-2016 SAPOL Report is to work in collaboration with the Womens Focus Group to ensure that various issues facing women are duly addressed. It is also aimed at ensuring that women are accorded equal employment opportunities regardless of their gender. For instance, SAPOLs Women Focus Group or WFG which is sponsored by a Police Assistant Commissioner is aimed at supporting female employees and ensure that gender issues are well promoted within SAPOL (Ivkovi? Sauerman, 2016). Indeed, WFG is aimed at ensuring that there is provision of support to both sworn as well as non-sworn females and ensure there is provision of free advice and information about women education and training (South Australia Police, 2016). The announcement by SAPOL to recruit an equal number of men and women joining the Police Force in the year 2016 is a clear reminder that indeed, SAPOL is committed toward ensuring that ther e equal employment opportunities in the Police Force (Habib, 2016). In addition to that, Agency Specific Equal opportunity Initiatives was aimed at ensuring that gender balance was achieved when recruiting police officers to SAPOL. There are various equal opportunity programs that were reported by SAPOL on a yearly based on the 2015-2016 reported period. Indeed, some of these programs were aimed at ensuring that there was provision of support to Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer (GLBTIQ) community to make sure that they were accorded equal opportunities to services offered by SAPOL and offer support to any affected victims (Mertens, 2016.). For instance, SAPOL ensured that there is establishment of Gay and Lesbian Liaison Officers or GLLOs in order to provide support and partnership between the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer (GLBTIQ) community (South Australia Police, 2016).. That apart GLLOs in November 2015 got involved in the Picnic in the Park which was an event that marked the conclusion of the Feast Festival in which both the Interstate and local members of overseas and community visitors gathered together so as they can effectively celebrate the diverse sexu al identities that they have (Gurnani et al, 2016). In the event, members of SAPOL also marched for the first time while wearing uniform in the Gay Pride March. SAPOL also made efforts to ensure that there was positive interaction between the police and GLBTQ by ensuring that there was distribution of fact sheets and other relevant promotion materials that were aimed at promotion of confidence and trust in policing services and enhance greater reporting of violence and abuse incidents. There are various initiatives that had been undertaken by SAPOL that were aimed at provision of commitment towards the Aboriginal Reconciliation. Based on Appendix 6 of the 2015-2016, it can truly be ascertained that some of the initiatives include: It has embraced the South African Statement of Reconciliation as the guiding document for the engagement with the Aboriginal and Toress Strait or ATSI individuals (Albrecht, ed., 2017). This has helped in reaffirming the commitment by SAPOL towards reconciliation as well as ensuring that there is building of unified relationships that are based on trust, respect, and a robust comprehension of both the ATSI beliefs and cultures. SAPOL put in place the South Australia Police Aboriginal Reconciliation Plan) that was aimed at supporting the South Australia Statement of Reconciliation (Mertens, 2016). This depicted the commitment of SAPOL towards corporate commitment participation in service delivery and public policy of the Aboriginal community. SAPOL has and still is a member of the Senior Officers Group on Aboriginal Affairs and indeed it has continued to give support the Chief Executives Group on Aboriginal Affairs. This has been done through development of proactive innovative service delivery mechanisms and strategies for the Aboriginal communities staying in remote, regional, and urban environment (South Australia Police, 2016). s. Based on appendices 2, 4, and 6 of the 2015-2016 SAPOL Annual Report, it is quite apparent that diversity is actually changing progressively within SAPOL. It can truly be asserted that diversity has positively progressed right from appendix 3 to six. This is attributed to the fact that in appendix 3, SAPOL was committed towards ensuring that equal opportunity was given among all individuals regardless of their gender. Indeed, SAPOL ensured that people employed in the police force actually came from different linguistic and cultural diverse backgrounds. In addition to that, SAPOL also ensured that the number of women recruited to the police Force was equal to the number of men joining SAPOL (South Australia Police, 2016). . In the fourth appendix, SAPOL ensured that there was progression in diversity through ensuring that there was implementation of disability access as well as inclusion plan. The continued development by SAPOL through the DAIP agency is a clear depiction that indeed, SAPOL is committed to diversity. Lastly, the sixth appendix indicates that SAPOL is actively involved in reconciliation of activities that are aimed for reconciliation thus depicting it is embracing diversity. Bibliography Albrecht, J.F. ed., 2017. Police Reserves and Volunteers: Enhancing Organizational Effectiveness and Public Trust. Bhattacharjee, P., Isac, S., McClarty, L.M., Mohan, H.L., Maddur, S., Jagannath, S.B., Venkataramaiah, B.K., Moses, S., Blanchard, J.F. and Gurnani, V., 2016. Strategies for reducing police arrest in the context of an HIV prevention programme for female sex workers: evidence from structural interventions in Karnataka, South India. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(4Suppl 3). Habib, A., 2016. Goals and means: reimagining the South African university and critically analysing the struggle for its realisation. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 90(1), pp.111-132. Ivkovi?, S.K. and Sauerman, A., 2016. Police integrity in South Africa: a tale of three police agency types. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management, 39(2), pp.268-283. Mertens, D.M., 2016. Advancing social change in South Africa through transformative research. South African Review of Sociology, 47(1), pp.5-17. South Australia Police. (2016). Annual Report 2015-2016. Government of South Australia. Stenning, P., 2016. International Police Executive Symposium (IPES). IPES conference on Police governance and human trafficking; Pattaya, Thailand, 8th13th August, 2015. Official Reporters Report. Police Practice and Research, 17(5), pp.493-503. Wimmer, A., 2016. Is diversity detrimental? Ethnic fractionalization, public goods provision, and the historical legacies of stateness. Comparative Political Studies, 49(11), pp.1407-1445.