The First World War Essay Example for Free

The First World War Essay In this report I intend to create a detailed report of Tescos. I want to see what they have done to get to where they are today and to try to evaluate why what they did worked. I want to get as much information as possible, although some information may not be accessible to the public as it could be sensitive. After the First World War, Jack Cohen received a i 40 gratuity. With this he set up his own East end fruit and veg store. Later he joined with another man T. E Stockwell to create a partnership. They then formed a limited company and now Tesco is a public limited company (PLC) with an annual turn over of around i 30,814 million pounds. When Cohen set up Tesco, he was a sole trader, he would have had unlimited liability. This means that if he went bust and unable to pay his debts he would have his personal belongings sold by the bank to pay off his debts. His only source of finance was his i 40 war gratuity. However nowadays there are many different sources of finance from bank loans to business angles to loan sharks as well as personal savings and family and friends. Being a sole trader has many advantages as there arent many forms to fill in. You can take holidays when you want and all the money that is made in the form of profit is yours for the keeping. Being a sole trader means that he had total control over his business all profit made goes straight to him and doesnt need to be split up. When he merged to form a partnership he would have had to sign a deed of partnership. This outlines all main points about the partnership from money salaries to working hours. He would now have to consult his partner before making any decisions about the business. However there are good points about being in a partnership. It means that there are two or more people to help think a way around a problem should one occur. It would bring added finance as the other partner would have personal savings and maybe family money. If the partnership were to go bust the deed of partnership would outline who had to pay what debts. After the partnership became successful Cohen and Stockwell became an ltd company. This means that they had shares which could be sold to employees and friends and family of the owners. They effectively own a small part of the company. They now have Limited liability this means that should the business go bust their private possessions are now safe and wouldnt be sold to level debts. Yet all the share holders would loose the amount of money they put in. There are also disadvantages to go with the benefits; these are that accurate accounts now have to be published for company house. This means spending money on an accountant. Tescos then became a plc or public limited company, it floated on the stock market in 1947 the share price was 25p. The business is now controlled by the share holders as every share gives you a say in the company. The profit is also split so that a dividend can be given to the share holders; this is a small percentage of profit given to share holders, and the more shares the more money they will receive. The legal liabilities are the same as when they were an ltd. The main difference is that shares can be bought and sold by the public on the stock exchange. On the way up Tescos has been through many of the different types of businesses. It has been a sole trader business a partnership an ltd company and now its a plc. However there are a few types of business that Tescos hasnt been. * A charity: this is obviously because Tescos is a profit organisation and wouldnt want to give away all there profit.

Impact of Tax Essay Example for Free

Impact of Tax Essay Income tax is a tool to achieve economic growth in any country. Income tax is accepted not only as a means of raising the required public revenue, but also as an essential fiscal instrument for managing the economy (Burgess, 1993). Of all the taxing systems, income tax plays a major role in generation of revenue and distribution of income in any country. If income taxation is poorly designed, it may lead to fiscal imbalance, insufficient tax revenue and distortions in resource allocation that can reduce economic welfare and growth (World Bank, 1991). Hence, an ideal tax system would achieve a balance between resource allocation, income distribution and economic stabilization (Lewis, 1984). Patterns of income taxation (both in level and in composition) differ from country to country because of economic, cultural and historical factors. Ratios of tax revenue to gross domestic product (GDP) in developing countries are typically in the range of 15 to 20%, compared with 30% in industrialized nations (World Bank, 1991). It is also established that countries have different approaches to tax administration. Maisto (1988) stated that â€Å"contradictory approaches towards the subject matter have been shown by the tax authorities of different countries because of their diverging interests†. An optimal tax rate has to compromise between the state’s revenue and its economic development. A high tax rate would deter saving and development, while a lower tax rate would lead to less revenue to the state. A tax directly influences the savings of individuals and companies; it is a double edged sword used to curtail consumption activity and at the same time, allows the taxpayer to save money in different development activities (Swami, 1995). The income tax financing the current social security benefits such as health, security and provision of utilities draws heavily upon income that otherwise would have been saved. Instead of accumulating capital, this income goes to social security transfers which are probably consumed (Boadway, 1982). Bartik (1994a and b) suggested that a 10% lowering of taxes would raise employment and investment between 1 and 6%. World Bank periodically relates that economic development is directly correlated to the level of taxation, more so in developing nations where the lower marginal tax rates have higher economic growth. In addition, policy makers in these countries have a â€Å"keen interest in the elasticity of economic activity with respect to taxes, suggesting that states and regions are interested in manipulating their tax systems in an attempt to attract business or to foster growth† (Wasylenko, 1997). On the other hand, income tax rates are increased due to factors such as enormous reduction in the purchasing power of money, heavy tax erosion, urgent need for yield and dynamic public expenditure (Fossati, 1992). While dealing with the effects of income tax rates (ITR) on economic reforms, Henry and William (1996) suggested that one should evaluate the desirability of reform proposals and the impact of such reforms on individuals and businesses as a whole. They further stated that ITR change would revolve around three factors: the tax base, allowable deductions and economic development. While dealing with the ITR, it is suggested that one should study the effects created by these rates, especially the impact of ITR on economic growth (Holger, 2003). Various governments have different approaches and methods of fixing the ITR. The French Government recently introduced preferential tax treatment by reduced ITR for young innovative companies completely based on the economic growth. The scheme was originally proposed to the State by French biotechnology as â€Å"a way to rapid and strong economic growth† (European Chemical News, 2004). Martin and George (2003) analyzed several tax rates and expenditure categories and concluded that the tax system has a direct impact on the growth rate of the economy of a country. Long-term economic growth has a direct link with the country’s tax policy (John and Pamela, 2003). Fixation of ITR may be based on different systems of taxation. Akira (2003) demonstrated that a flat rate wage tax stimulated economic growth, while interest income taxation did not foster such growth. Tetsuo (2003) suggested that taxation based on environmental pollution factors results in two contradicting issues such as reduction in production and increase in tax revenue, but in the long run, this system will help the healthy economic growth for future generations. Olhoft (2003) is of the opinion that spending millions of taxpayers’ money on tax breaks and tax incentives is most likely a misguided strategy for any State when the State is in budget deficit.

A Study Of The Ghaf Tree

A Study Of The Ghaf Tree The Ghaf tree also known as Prosopis cineraria has been an essential part of the UAEs distinctive desert environment and the civilization that have emerged here in the Emirates. Ghaf tree culturally and traditionally is as valuable and precious as it is ecologically. Groves of ghaf grow naturally in the desert sands and wide wadis in all emirates, but unfortunately they are becoming extinct. In this project we will discuss the causes of extinction of the Ghaf tree, why it is threatened and the impacts that could lead to the extinction of the Ghaf tree. Forests are fabulous places, were you can see different types of Insects, mammals and birds. They are also places that embrace various flowers, trees and grasses. Actually, this sight maybe a good explanation that illustrates the term Biodiversity. Biodiversity is a vague word that has many definitions among researchers and scientists. In fact, researchers have different definitions according to their different goals, perspectives and values. Takacs (1996) defined the biodiversity as a full variety of life on Earth, while Chadwick (1993) thinks that this word is simply defined as nature or wilderness. However, the general idea among all the researchers is that the biodiversity is the study of the process that makes and sustains the variation of the species on the earth (redpath-museum, 2010). It illustrates the idea of the relationship between the individual and the population, and the population with the community. Moreover, biodiversity is considered as a part of nature because it plays a big role in affecting animals and plants in both terrestrial and aquatic biomes (Ecosystem, 2008). Due to researches, there are three main types of biodiversity. The first type is the ecological or ecosystem diversity. An ecosystem is a structure which includes living organisms and non living organisms functioning together to maintain the life cycle (Ecosystem, 2008). The ecological diversity refers to the total of different types of ecosystems with the different species within them. The diversity of species within an ecosystem is affected by the ecosystem itself. That is because each species need a different habitat that it is suitable to live and reproduce within it. The second type is the species diversity. It means the number of plants and animals that exist in an area. Essentially, some regions are richer of species than other regions. For example, the tropical forests have much more species than other regions like the poles. The third type is the genetic diversity. This type explains that each member or individual within a species is different from the other members from the same species (BIODIVERSITY, 2010). The differences are in the genetic structure that gives each member his own characteristics. A clear example for the genetic biodiversity is the human beings. Each person has different characteristics than the others because of the genetic building in each one of them. In fact, the genetic diversity is crucial for the species health and diversity because it keeps the diversity among individuals and therefore protects the species from being extinct. In this project, we are concerning on one species from the allover species on the earth which is the the Ghaf tree. The Ghaf trees classification is as follows: kingdom: plantae, Phylum: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Family: Fabaceae, Genus: Prosopis, Species: cineraria(ARkive, 2010). Thus, we can point that the scientific name of that tree is Prosopis cineraria. There are many local names for this tree. For example, it is known as Ghaf for Arabian, jandior khejri for Indian, and jand for Pakistani. (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). Since the species is considered as a plant, it is a producer. That means that the species stands in the first trophic level (uaehoverfly, 2010). The Prosopis cineraria is a moderate sized evergreen thorny tree (experiencefestival, 2010) of 3-5 m high (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). It is considered as a rapid growing tree that resists the dryness and the arid conditions because of the variability of the trees growth (Asian Agri-History, 2004). Moreover, it resists the hot weather and the dry and hot winds. Thus, it is considered as one of the most species that withstood the difficult conditions of environment. It has also a dense shade that kills the seedling (experiencefestival, 2010). Its roots are fast growing even more than the upper part of it. They are long enough that it can use the water in the deep soil layers. As reports say, the Ghaf tree roots may reach to a depth of 35 meters (experience festival, 2010). The leaves are glabrous which are mostly green but seems to be gray when it gets dry (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). It produces a yellow flowers near the summer between March to May, in the time which most of the plants are leafless. Actually this occurs at an early age when the tree is five years old. The Ghaf tree is planted and grown in arid places were the climate is dry and the maximum temperatures varies from 48 deg C to 52 deg C while the annual rainfall is 120 mm to 250 mm(Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). It is mostly grown on sandy soils where the lower part is moisture to help its roots to get water. The relational position (sciencedaily, 2010) of the Ghaf tree among the ecosystem is high and strong. It has a historical story with the people who lived in rural places were this species actually grow. The reason is that this tree is a legume that helps to fertile the soil. Moreover, it has a big role in stabling the sand dunes and the agriculture harvests because of the deep roots it owns, the ability of fixing the nitrogen and the ability of providing the soil with important organic substances (Asian Agri-History, 2004). Also, this tree is a main source of getting fuel wood, fodder and medicines. In fact, this tree plays an important role in sustaining the delicate and the dry ecosystems. Researchers insure by the datas support that the Prosopis cineraria has the priority in the improvement that contains fragile areas (Asian Agri-History, 2004). Figure 1: The Species Distribution In The World. Figure (1) below shows the world map pointed with the countries in which the Ghaf tree is planted. According to the figure, the species is planted in such specific countries like Afghanistan, dry areas of Central and Southern India, West Iran and Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). However, the species can be planted in other countries science the environmental and climatic conditions mentioned above are available in them. The evidence of that is it that the species is invasive to other countries like the United Arab Emirates. In other words, this species cannot be planted in anywhere except those which are pointed in the figure, but it can be invasive to some parts of the world where the conditions are suitable. Student 2: Status An endangered species is a group of living organisms which face a significant risk of being extinct in the near future or disappearance from earth if a solution is not discovered . Extinction happens for a number of different reasons such as change of climate , natural disasters, drop in the number of species ,oil spills by humans, acid rains, water pollution, and last but not least over-hunting by humans. Al Ghaf tree or Prosopis cineraria as a scientific name, is one of the most famous and spread trees in the UAE. It has a very important national status , it was composed for a long time apart from the desert nature of UAE, so it has a very historical status, Ghaf tree grows in UAE deserts and valleys as a natural tree, especially in the eastern part of UAE. It belongs to the dry region plants as a thorny tree. It is an evergreen tree with slender branches armed with conical thorns and with light bluish-green foliage; its height is more than 7 meters. This tree has been around for centuries , and it is considered to be one of the most important trees for the natural balance , it increases the vitality of the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (Saving the Arabian ghaf tree, 2006). The ghaf tree is considered to be endangered for reasons such as ignorance of the importance of this tree as it doesnt get the support and care that it should get , Camels have increased lately and camels depends on ghaf tree as a source of food, Cutting its branches as fodder , Lack of groundwater, as experts are always looking for groundwater to use it for everyday life and agriculture needs. The Ghaf tree grows separately or in groups, and it can afford all desert difficulties because of its long and deep roots which extend to more than 30 meters underground (The Prosopis cineraria, 2010 ), It has a massive and nested branches, that is why it is called the umbrella tree or the dunes tree as it grows in deserts dunes. Al Ghaf is one of the most important trees for the natural balance, it increases the vitality of the soil by producing Neutrogen. Ghaf was used in the past in cooking; getting food, wood as a material for building roofs, and for garnishing and decorating (Al Ghaf tree report, 2009). Unfortunately, Ghaf tree is missing real care and support. Reasons for Extinction Ignorance of the importance of this tree as it doesnt get the support and care that it should get . Urban expansion which leads to getting rid of and cutting such trees. Camels have increased lately and they depends on ghaf tree as a source of food. Cutting its branches as fodder. Lack of groundwater, as experts are always looking for groundwater to use it for life and agriculture needs. Sadly , the ghaf tree has fallen a victim to human destruction of the environment all for the selfishness of us human beings and that is what lead to the ghaf tree being endangered. Human impact is one of the most affecting reasons in the ghaf trees disappearance because of urban booming and infrastructure, and whats most important is peoples ignorance as to the importance of this tree. Government and societies should spread knowledge about this tree by creating events held specifically in order to save the ghaf tree . Governments should also try to state laws and punishments in order to save this tree from over cutting and demolishing that could eventually lead to extinction. Many domestic societies are looking forward to adopting the ghaf tree as a symbol for the UAEs natural culture and in different fields as well for its important status (Saving the ghaf tree, 2007). Figure 2 shows the popularity of the ghaf tree over the years. This table shows us that the ghaf tree is not well-known and that explains the ignorance that is associated towards this tree. Figure 2: Popularity of Al-Ghaf Tree Over Time Source: (Popularity of Prosopis Cineraria over time, 2007) Student 3: Causes of Extinction The Ghaf tree is under threat of extinction. The plant has been realized by several environmentalists and social scientists in the United Arab Emirates as a symbol of the natural history of the country and a tree that carries several values. The tree has been under such threat due to several reasons some of which have occurred in past circumstances while others due to current circumstances. Past reasons of extinction include distortions in the ecosystem and lack of natural water resources while present reasons include urbanization and public ignorance. The Ghaf tree has been an essential food source, as well as a source of fuel, shelter and medicine. Its leaves were once used instead of rice, its elongated pods provide fodder for animals which in turn supply milk, butter, cheese and meat (WWF 2008). The tree is well known to provide food for the ecosystem members such as insects, small birds and reptiles and its presence is indeed a signal of underground water. Due to such facts, the rise in number of camels in the region brought by the economic boom of the region has resulted in a distortion of this ecosystem. There are over 250,000 camels in the UAE that graze and coppice over the Ghaf trees (FAOSTAT 2004). Also in the past, when agriculture was a larger sector of the UAE economy ground water was used for irrigation of such plantations this has possessed a greater risk of depriving hydration for the Ghaf trees and has resulted in the death of many of the trees. The current reasons of extinction threat towards the Ghaf tree include the urbanization and fast development of the region along with public ignorance. The UAEs economic boom has brought a large population growth followed by a demand for real estate. Such a demand created the need for urban development including infrastructural foundations such as highways, electric lines, underground water pipelines and more. This has resulted in the removal several fauna and flora from the region including the Ghaf tree. In accordance the ecosystem has also been further affected irreversibly where birds have migrated away that used the Ghaf tree leaves as a source of food. The reproduction rate of the Ghaf is incomparable to the rate of their decease in the region, whereas according to Razan Khalifa, managing director of the Emirates Wildlife Society: given that the ghaf is a slow grower, over-lopping is extremely harmful to its numbers. Land clearance for developmental projects [;] Many ghaf trees among others are ruthlessly chopped down to make way for modern projects in the desert (Al Majaida 2006). Measures Taken The first measures taken in the United Arab Emirates was taken by the former president of the UAE, H.H Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan that was very passionate about conservation and environmental issues. The former president used to keep Ghaf trees that were found in his palace areas encompassed within a circle of bricks in order to prevent its removal. The former UAE president also placed a law that banned the chopping of Ghaf trees in the areas of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain. He also provided grants for environmentalists that intended to find solutions for elongating their survival and he provided subsidies to the municipalities of the region to spread the tree in the region. In 2006 the Emirates Wildlife Society along with the Al Fahim Group launched a campaign to save the Al Ghaf tree in which visitors of the web site campaign and vote to elect the tree as the national symbol of historical nature in the United Arab Emirates calling for government support to take actions to prevent the extinction of the tree (De Roy 2006). Furthermore, the web site is titled savetheghaftree.org aims to spread awareness about three by sending out public relation tools such as newsletters and posters in order to educate subscribers about the importance of preserving the heritage and natural culture of the United Arab Emirates. The strategic alliances of this campaign included AMEinfo.com, Al Fahim Group, Emirates Wildlife Society in association with World Wildlife Fund, UAE-based publishing houses such as Ahlan magazine by ITP, UAE nationals and desert lovers from all nationalities within the UAE. The campaign has been designed to target media through mall promotions for a two month period between the end of 2006 and the beginning of the following year. Moreover, the web site includes interactive media that allows subscribers to create their own Ghaf garden and compare their performances with one another. The concept follows on to translate virtual objectivity into reality in which the Emirates Wildlife Society with the sponsorship of the Al Fahim Group will plant an actual Ghaf tree in conserved groves for every ten virtual Ghaf trees grown online. Finally the online portal allows visitors to discuss stories about the Ghaf tree where pictures, designs, thoughts and suggestions can be shared among groups of people. The results of the campaign came as impressive in less than a year where more than a thousand trees have been planted within less than ten weeks online and a hundred trees were planted by Al Fahim Group and the EWS. Email blasts have resulted in the voting for the Ghaf tree as a national symbol to reach more than three thousand votes. The news spread to government entities such as the Abu Dhabi government that have placed efforts to spread such awareness among schools and their own department in terms of seeking the conservation and protection of the Ghaf tree. The media has also followed up on the campaign by adding television interviews. This was also followed by more environmentalists pursuing research on the Ghaf tree and finding appropriate soil conditions to elongate life spans. To further strengthen the campaign the Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority and the Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage Authority provided voting ballot cards from the campaign in their advertisements, flyers and inv itations during the 4th Abu Dhabi Classical Music Festival (De Roy 2006). The Horticulture Department of the Dubai Municipality has also taken deep measures in 2008 to save the Ghaf tree by spreading it all around the parks in the city of Dubai. The Al Mushrif Forest Park in Deira, off Al Khawaneej area, is home to almost sixty thousand trees. Due to the requirement of water for the survival of the Ghaf tree the municipality has placed intensive efforts in planting new Ghaf trees and relocating more than seven thousand trees from areas all over Dubai such Al Barsha to the park in spots that contain more water and are more hydration accessible (Al Khan 2008). This can also be shown in figure 3 where according to environmental researches Ghaf trees in Dubai have lost average radiuses meaning that lack of water is signaling the relocation of the trees to water abundant areas: Figure 3: Size Distribution of Ghaf trees in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve It is important to note here that such an effort is significant due to the nature of the Ghaf tree that grows a long root tap in natural conditions, almost 30 meters, whereas its translocation can sever its roots and these trees may therefore be reliant on artificial irrigation for many years (Gardner Howarth 2009). Call to Action Source: Gallacher Hill (2005) The government of the UAE can spread the awareness of the Ghaf tree by starting such awareness within schools and placing the tree as a national symbol in the UAE society curriculums that students study in schools. The government can also provide incentives for environmental companies and research groups with the UAE and the GCC in order to spread the awareness and provide a long term growth strategy for the clusters of the Ghaf trees in the region. In addition, the government can also provide more campaigns in malls and population-intensive areas to spread the awareness. A great example would be placing a plastic model of the tree in the middle of mall or using the ghaf tree on the national day along with the UAE cultural identity to enhance its importance and vitality to ensuring the natural heritage of the nation. Finally the government can provide shuttle buses for the public in order to visit Ghaf tree areas and give them a tour of the place. Another suggestion starts from the individual point of view. The ghaf tree is being in threat of extinction due to other factors as well such as pollution and the over usage of water. In order to start that individual incentive it is important to fulfill self-conscience satisfaction when an individual saves a Ghaf tree. This can be done by saving water and looking at the difference consumption levels of water and hence using some of the saved water to visit ghaf trees and place water at these sites. The media is one of the strongest tools for changing opinions and driving trends in a society. It can play a strong role in saving the Ghaf tree and idolizing it as the UAE environmental symbol. The media is divided according to the mediums of channeling a communicatory message, that is, by radio, television or public relations. Television campaigns suggested can include environmental game shows that ask audience questions about the environment in which the ghaf tree can be used. As for radio campaigns, competitions in early morning shows during high peak times can be broadcasted in order to spread the message about the Ghaf tree. As for public relations, holding press conferences and events for environmentalists that show results of the previous campaign in the UAE can be very important to show how the tree has changed the environment and how opinions in the region have changed as a result of such campaigns. Public relations are a strong tool to alter readers opinion on the long run as compared to advertising. Finally, merchandising that are used in such media campaigns can be themed by designing them according to the Ghaf tree themes. Conclusion All in all it is quite significant to save the Ghaf tree from its extinction due to the importance of the tree from an environmental benefit point of view and from a preservation of culture and heritage point of view. From a global point of view several nations have used their own flora as a symbol of their geographical presence and as the UAE enters the international arena as a major economic and multicultural hub in the region it is vital to use one of the oldest and most appreciated plants as a representation of the nations vegetation. Furthermore, the culture of the UAE is based on Islamic values and learning which as mentioned in the holy Quran mention the need to respect all the living creatures that lurk on this planet. The fact that this foundation is the basis of many aspects in the UAE has made the idea of placing efforts and further education ethically and morally corrects to respect one of the most foregone trees that has always been present even before the economic uproa r makes the Ghaf tree a preservation of the culture of the UAE. In the future when new generations are to come, the Ghaf trees that have been standing tall during our times will maintain their sturdy places and remind the unborn that these trees are the symbol of UAE culture and what has made the UAE and its leaders thrive to make the country what it really is.

Nuclear Waste Disposal Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nuclear Waste and the Effects on Human Life Statement of the issue:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nuclear waste is a growing concern in the Untied States and throughout the world today. Even right now as I type this paper Congress is debating as to allow nuclear waste to be stored in Yucca Mountain in Nevada. This debate in Congress will help decide the way that the Untied States deals with nuclear waste issues in the future. Nuclear waste is hazardous to human life. It contains many harmful chemicals that could hurt life. Nuclear waste could even disrupt or genetics and cause mutations in human life forms. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified four different categories of waste: corrosive, ignitable, reactive, and toxic. A corrosive material is a material that can wear away or destroy a substance. A ignitable material is a material that can burst into flames very easily. These pose as a fire hazard and can irritate your skin, eyes, and lungs, and they emitted harmful vapors. A reactive material is a material that can explode o r create poisonous gases when combined with other chemicals. A toxic material is a material or substance that can poison people or other life. Toxic substances can cause illness and even result in death if they are absorbed through the skin or if they are swallowed (Hazard,1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Those are the main four reasons why this issue is in hot debate in the United States now. Residents that live in peaceful communities do not want these materials to end up in their communities. Even if it means that a train or a freight truck will be hauling these materials through the peaceful community for long a single moment. People are just afraid of what could happen in the single moment in their community. They do not want to take the risk of having those dangerous and hazardous materials going through their communities at all. This issue if dealt right could land President Bush right back in the White House again after the next election, but if he handles this important issue wrong. Then that could make for the next president of the Untied States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is an important issue in the United States today because many people still fear nuclear waste because of what has happened at Chernobyl. They are afraid t... ...call and realize that it dangerous. Nuclear energy is probably the best source of energy we have at this available time, but until they learn how to dispose of its waste in an environmental safe way, I will always be against nuclear energy and the waste that it produces. Works Cited Antigua-Waste Caribbean Worried about nuclear waste shipments. EFE News Service. March 10, 2002. Associated Press. March 5, 2002. Energy Dept. Sued Over Nuclear Waste. www.wastedisposal.com. Associated Press. February 17, 2002. Waste Pile fire a health hazard, doc says. Victoria Times Colonist. Hazardous Waste Introduction. March 2, 2002. http://environment.about.com/library/weekly. Holt, Mark. Nuclear Waste Disposal: Background. April 23, 2001. Congressional Research Reports. Orrick, Dave. March 3, 2002. Nuclear Waste plan: Good or bad for the suburbs? Chicago Daily Herald. Nuclear Waste Task Force - Nuclear Waste - Sierra Club. 2002. www.mamma.com. www.sierraclub.org/nuclearwaste/nucw.asp. Simberg, Rand. February 28, 2002. Nuclear Waste Should be Stored on the Moon. Fox News. Council Denies Dump Waste is Hazardous. January 23, 2002. www.mamma.com. www.utvinternet.com.

Irish Potato Famine Essay -- essays research papers

In the early 1800s life in Ireland wasn’t easy, Irish citizens got by day to day by farming and relying on the potato. The potato was their main source of food and money. With out the potato the Irish would have nothing. No one was prepared for what was about to happen in 1845, the beginning of the Great Irish Potato Famine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Irish Potato Famine was the worst tragedy in the history of Ireland. The outcome of the famine would result in hundreds of thousands dead, an failure of the economy in Ireland, and millions of emigrants forced to leave their home and country just to try to survive. The famine would effect countries other than Ireland as well. Some of these countries included England, America, Canada, and Australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next five years, almost all Irish citizens, would have the hardest struggle that they would ever face. It would tear families apart, destroy peoples lives, and cause large financial losses to landowners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the early to mid 1800s Ireland was a very poor and difficult place to live. Most of the land was owned by landowners that lived in England and rented their land out to Irish citizens. The owners had almost no interest in their land and property in Ireland. They only cared about getting their money from their renters. The rents were overpriced and living costs in Ireland were also extremely high. The living conditions for the renters in Ireland were horrible, with one-room houses that were expected to shelter whole families. Another problem with the country was that over 70% of the population was illiterate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The renters would use their land to farm potatoes because they were cheap, easy to grow, full of vitamins, and you could grow a lot in a small area and in poor farming conditions. The whole country relied on the crop of potatoes as their source of food and income.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the mid 1800s there were many seasons that produced poor crops, and in some cases no potatoes at all. These seasons were taken lightly, and just thought to be bad crop seasons. After these bad seasons, farmers became upset and began to grow poorer quality potatoes known as ‘Lumper potatoes’ or ‘Horse potatoes’ instead of the stronger healthier potatoes. ... ...money to their family so that they could escape Ireland and start a new life in America. Those whose lives became bad and worsened by the immigration were too ashamed to talk to their family and discontinued contact with family back in Ireland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion the potato famine effected not only those who lived in Ireland, but those in America too. The people that survived the crisis eventually returned their lives back to normal and were not physically harmed but rather emotionally scared with memories of wondering how much longer they were going to live. Also they remembered the whole scene with dead bodies every where and villages of which every resident was sickened and dying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Americans were effected by this epidemic with the introduction of many diseases introduced to their country. Especially those in the New England area of the country, where most of the immigrants arrived who had seen how the famine over seas had such an impact on millions of people’s lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over all many lives were lost, many lives changed, all due to the only crop that the Irish relied on†¦the potato.

Wealth Disparity in the United States :: essays research papers

Wealth in the United States has always been unequally dispersed among African Americans and whites, even dating back to the 1800’s. African Americans own less property, are less educated, and are in a lower socioeconomic class than whites. Policies since the 1960’s have been implemented in the United States, such as welfare, to help lessen the gap between the two, but the evidence suggests that these policies have not worked to their potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, the question that the author is trying to answer is what can be done to help lessen the wealth gap between African Americans and whites. The author looks at affirmative action, business ownership among blacks, but overall focuses most of his attention on home and property ownership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author suggests that to achieve the goal of racial and class equality, a policy needs to rely on socioeconomic status, but especially take a person’s assets into account. Whites own substantially more property than blacks, which creates a large gap in assets between blacks and whites. While many blacks want to live in integrated neighborhoods, white neighborhoods do not want their property value declining, so therefore white flight ensues. The author proposes to have a policy that guarantees that black ownership in a neighborhood will not top 15 percent, so whites would be less likely to leave. Also, many incentives have been proposed to help the poor gain prosperity, such as a national wealth tax. This tax would make individuals review their assets and liabilities, and then individuals would be required to pay the government a percentage of that net worth.

The Natural Force Of Tides Environmental Sciences Essay

The term Tide is defined as the rise and autumn of H2O degree in oceans and seas as a consequence of the natural force of gravity between the Earth, Sun, and Moon, in add-on to the rotary motion of Earth on itself. Tides have been known to ancients a long clip ago, nevertheless the scientific apprehension of this capable affair was non until three centuries ago, when Newton presented his book â€Å" Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy † or as frequently named, the Principia. In this book, Newton described the Universal gravity, which shaped the scientific position and account for the natural admiration of Tides.ImportanceLearning about the natural force of tides and tide anticipations is a necessity for any seaman. Tides can be either utile or insidious, all depending on how the seaman trades with it. A high tide, for illustration, can be utile because it raises the ship a little more above H2O giving the ship a better clearance distance between the bottom surface of the ship and the sea land. In contrast, a high tide can be unsafe on ships, because it can force ships to the shores instantly if non moored in a clear infinite. Similarly, a low tide may be unsafe, because it pulls the H2O off from the shore doing the ship to hit the land doing amendss to the ship. The rise and autumn of H2O degree, and currents caused by tides may either assist the ships motion and patterned advance or detain it, may take ships into dangers and hazards or off from them. In order to hold a safe and a successful journey, the sailing master in any sailing ship must hold a clear apprehension of tides, in add-on to doing usage of tide anticipations available in published tide informations tabular arraies from all ports around the universe.Earth, Moon, and Sun SystemAs mentioned antecedently, tides are the consequence of two factors, the gravitative force of the Sun and Moon towards Earth, in add-on to the Earth`s rotary motion around its axis. Obviously, all planets, including Earth, in our solar system depend on the gravitative force and rotary motion around the Sun to be balanced and organize a common system of several planets. The gravitative force of the Moon and the Sun plays a bigger function in the creative activity of tides on Earth. As the Moon rotates aro und the Earth, it exerts a pull force towards the earth`s surface. The Sun on the other side exerts another pull force on Earth to the Sun, see figure 1. The Moon, nevertheless, have the bigger influence than the Sun because of the shorter distance it has to earth, even though the sun`s gravitation towards Earth is 179 times stronger than the Moon. The short distance between the Moon and Earth makes it responsible for 56 % of the force impact on Earth and 44 % will be from the Sun, and this explains why the tides are specifically linked to the Moon behaviour. tide-tables-a-2.jpg Figure 1: The Moon and the Sun exerts gravitative Pull forces towards the Earth, doing the creative activity of tides. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/tide-table1.htm ) As the Moon rotates around the Earth it creates a bump of H2O on the earth`s surface traveling parallel to the Moon, ensuing in the formation of tides. An tantamount bump is besides formed on the other side of the planet antonym to the Moon. The tantamount bump on the opposite side of the planet is caused by Earth being pulled off from its H2O, in the opposite side, traveling towards the Moon. Another name for the cause of the opposite bump is the centrifugal force of the Earth ‘s rotary motion. By and large talking, the pull force of the Moon and the Sun influences the whole planet Earth including the land country and H2O country. The big volume of H2O on Earth ( 71 % ) moving compressible as a fluid, nevertheless, makes it more noticeable and extraordinary. The day-to-day rotary motion of the Earth around itself and the Moon go arounding around the Earth, all reflects the tidal rhythm. The Moon revolves around the Earth one time in what is called a lunar month. The lunar month represents the clip between the happening of a new Moon and the consecutive 1. The continuance of the lunar month is calculated about to be 29days 12hours and 44minutes. Having the Moon go arounding around the Earth one time every lunar month and the Earth revolving in the same way daily on its axis, the whole planet will necessitate more than 24 hours to catch up with the proceeding Moon. Earth needs 24 hours plus about 52 proceedingss to finish a tidal rhythm. This Moon based twenty-four hours is called the tidal twenty-four hours and it consequences in the changing of the tides` timing of each twenty-four hours by adding about 52 proceedingss. In theory, this tidal rhythm consequences in two high tides and two low tides in all of the Earth. The two opposite bumps of H2O on Earth, explained before, represent the high tide which follows the motion of the Moon straight. The other two parts of Earth, between the two bumps, represent the low tide. Tides are classified into diurnal, semi-diurnal, and assorted tides in conformity to the highs and figure of high and low tides each tidal twenty-four hours. A Diurnal tide is when a certain location on Earth experiences one high tide and one low surge a twenty-four hours. Diurnal tide happens in locations of high latitudes when the H2O bumps formed by the Moon drawing are north or South of the equator, see figure 2. A Semi-diurnal tide is the most common in the bulk of topographic points on Earth, and it is when a certain location on earth experience two high tides and two low tides a twenty-four hours. Semi-diurnal tide happens when the Moon is straight above the equator. While the semidiurnal tides assures two equal high tides and two equal low tides for locations near the equat or, locations north and South of the equator experience two but unequal high tides and two unequal low tides called a Mixed tide. diurnal. ( 1 ) .gif Figure 2: Diurnal tides take a period of 24 hours and 50 proceedingss. Semidiurnal Tides period is 12 hours and 25 proceedingss. The country in between experience Mixed tides, where two but unequal high and low tides takes topographic point. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/tides/tides.html )Annual Tidal BehaviorThe Moon revolves around the Earth in an elliptic way, which makes it closer to earth at times and farther off at other times. The clip in which the Moon is at its nearest distance with Earth is called Lunar Perigee. The closest distance the Moon can come to with regard to Earth is 356,400 kilometers, which is less than the average distance between the Earth and the Moon by 8 per centum. As mentioned before, Newton in his book â€Å" Principia † described his theory of the gravitative existence, where he besides developed a expression to cipher the gravitative force between two organic structures. The Newton jurisprudence of gravitation proves that gravitative forces between different organic structures addition as the distance between the two organic structures lessening. As a consequence, the 8 per centum lessening in the distance between the Moon and the Earth increases the gravitative force of the Moon by 25 per centum, impacting the Earth and increasing the ability of the Moon to bring forth tides. Actually, when the Moon is at its nearest distance with Earth and standing in a line between the Earth and the Sun, unusual increased high spring high tides are produced. Besides named Proxigean Spring Tide, the high spring high tides occur non more than one time every one and a half twelvemonth. In add-on, if the lunar perigee occurs at full Moon ( Earth between Sun and Moon ) , unusual low Neap tides besides takes topographic point. The gravitative force developed because of the Earth and Moon interaction, and its impact on the big organic structures of H2O in Earth develops an hyperbole event called â€Å" evection † . This event takes topographic point when the Moon is at its nearest distance with Earth and stands between the Sun and the Earth in a consecutive line ; Proxigean Spring Tide. When other factors of high storm, or complex natural occasions takes topographic point at times of proxigee, Deluging with large amendss and extraordinary tides hit certain seashores. The last Extreme proxigean spring tide taking topographic point was in March 7, 1995. Extreme proxigean Spring Tides have been recorded for the past 400, and is said to happen one time every 31 old ages.Tidal RangeThe difference between the high tide and the subsequent low tide, vertically, is called the tidal scope. The tidal scope calculates the difference in the H2O degree or highs between the high tide and low tide. As have been ment ioned before, the gravitative force of the Moon and the Sun on Earth is the major cause of tides. It is besides discovered that the altering stages of the Moon has a major impact on the highs ‘ alteration in Tides in different seashores and locations around the universe. Around the clip of the new Moon or full Moon, the maximal tidal scope takes topographic point ; tides are highly high or really low. This happens because the gravitative force of both the Moon and the Sun is aligned in the same way toward the Earth ( new Moon ) , or aligned in opposite waies, holding the Earth precisely between the two forces ( full Moon ) . During these two stages of the Moon, tides are called Spring tides, see figure 3 ( a ) . On the other manus, During the first and last quarters of the moon`s stages, tidal scope tends to be smaller. This happens because the place of the Sun and the Moon is at a right angle to the Earth. The gravitative force of the Sun and the Moon acts weaker to the earth `s H2O because it comes from two different waies. During these two stages of the Moon, tides are called Neap tides, see figure 3 ( B ) . In each twelvemonth there are two yearss when the length of the twenty-four hours and dark are equal, called Equinox. The maximal tidal scope to expect yearly is said to be during the clip of equinox when combined together with a clip of spring tide. tidal_cycle.jpg Figure 3: ( a ) Spring tides occur in new Moons and full Moon. ( B ) Neap tides occur between new Moons and full Moon. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icit.hw.ac.uk/student_project/sweyn3.htm ) It is partly true that the tidal scope additions as farther the location is from the equator. However it is non the lone factor of increasing tidal scope. Hundreds of seashores in the farthest North or South of the equator tend to hold smaller tidal ranges than 1s near the equator. Several Stationss on the Korean seashore, for illustration, have a tidal scope above 20 pess. On the other manus, some Stationss on the Bering Sea near Alaska have the tidal scope of 5 to 7 pess. The addition or lessening in tidal scope in any seashore depends on many physical factors of the location itself. The characteristic of the land where the seashore is located is an of import factor impacting the tidal scope, in add-on to the form of the shore. Another factor playing an of import function on the addition or lessening of the tidal scope is the deepness of H2O in the location. Likewise, the size of the ocean basin where the tide happens is a major factor for the alteration in tidal scope between diff erent locations. Large countries of H2O, like oceans, are capable to a more country of influence by the Moon gravitation than smaller countries like seas, bays, or gulfs. Tidal Range is classified into three sorts based on the measuring of highs. First, Macromareal, named for tidal scope higher than 4 meters. Second, Mesomareal, named for tidal scope between 2 to 4 meters. Third, Micromareal, named for tidal scope less than 2 meters. Extreme conditions conditions of strong air currents in a steady way with a long clip continuity, combined with low force per unit area can act upon the tidal scope progressively, particularly in narrow bays, and gives false measurings. Tsunamis and deluging comes from the oceans and sea, nevertheless, are particular instances of risky conditions that is non included in the measurings of tidal scope. Tide informations of different Stationss in states with H2O seashores normally contain tabular arraies of day-to-day measurings recorded or even day-to-day and one-year anticipations of Stationss in this state. The National Hydrographic service of the state publishes these informations tabular arraies and is available to order if needed.Highest tidal scopeIn the east seashore of North America, specifically, Nova Scotia in Canada one of the world`s greatest admirations takes topographic point. The Bay of Fundy in Canada has the world`s highest tidal scope. An sum of 100 billion tones of H2O is filled and emptied from this bay twice every twenty-four hours. Towards the caput of the bay, in the Minas Basin, tidal scope reaches more than 16 meters. The highest tidal scope recorded in this bay was at Burntcoat Head. The highest tidal scope at Burntcoat Head was measured at 16.65 meters. This information measuring is of import for the design of the tidal trial armored combat vehicle. Suppl ying the design of the tide trial armored combat vehicle with the maximal tidal scope informations recorded on Earth and the application of these measurings on the ship theoretical accounts give the companies a opportunity to develop their ships in order to be successfully used anyplace in the universe without worrying about tides and H2O degrees.Tidal currentsTidal current is another term related to tides and has a great importance in ship seafaring and marine pilotage. If tides are the perpendicular rise and autumn of H2O degree, so a simple definition for the tidal current will be, the horizontal flow of H2O attach toing a normal tide on coastal countries. Tidal currents can be found in any H2O organic structure, including oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, and rivers. Tidal currents have been recorded at upper limit degrees in locations along seashores of ocean basins. Tidal currents move more straight towards and exterior closed countries like estuaries, seaports, or rivers. Together with tides, tidal currents move in a certain way with the high tide and in the opposite way with the low tide. When a tide takes topographic point on a certain location, the H2O degree rises over clip covering the bay doing what is called Flood tide. Consequently, the H2O rises until it reaches its highest degree ; high tide. Directly after the H2O reaches its highest degree, it stops, at the seashore in what is called loose H2O. Afterward, the H2O degree starts to fall over clip, doing what is called ebb tide. Consequently, the H2O degree falls until it reaches its lowest degree ; low tide. The low tide stays for a period of clip in once more what is called loose H2O. This sequence is somewhat different when speaking about rivers. Rivers H2O flow from the river to the sea, which evidently lowers the power of the inundation tide. However, during the ebb tide, H2O flux ing from the river to the sea is strongly supported by the wane flow doing more powerful tidal currents. Ebb flow largely prevents smaller boats from making the seashore, See figure 4. tidal current.png Figure 4: Tidal Currents develop ebb tides and inundation tides in closed H2O countries. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //oceanmotion.org/html/background/tides-currents.htm ) Sailors and Mariness typically take attending for the measure and clip of the tide. Tides, particularly low, prevent entry to seashores of shallow H2O. Another concern for crewmans and Mariness, sing tidal currents, are the velocity, clip, and way of the tidal current. As a consequence, crewmans need elaborate information of tides and tidal currents behaviour in order to be after the ship ‘s place, velocity, and sailing itinerary.River MedwayThe river Medway is located in southeasterly England, most of it is in the county of Kent, see figure 5. The river flows precisely from Turners Hill in west Sussex, traveling through Tonbridge to Maidstone and the coastal towns of Medway into the river Thames at Sheerness before stoping at the Thames estuary. The River Medway flux a distance of 70 stat mis through the Land country until it ends at the eastern sea seashore of Kent. In the late sixteenth century, the river became a Ship Defense centre for the Royal Navy, where ships were buil t and navy arms was transferred through the river. However, river Medway has ever been a hard waterway to voyage through and bigger ships ever struggled to go through over. Ships had to restrict their seafaring above the river medway to certain tidal state of affairss, doing usage of high tides and taking cautiousnesss from low tides, hence sailing between half inundation and half ebb tides. The Chatham Dockyard, standing further up the river, near the centre of the town, was found in 1547 as a ship building and fix topographic point. The Chatham Dockyard played an of import function in most of the wars fought between England and other European states. Many celebrated ships and navy battlewagons were built in Chatham Dockyard, including the first Fe battlewagon in 1863. river medway.jpg Figure 5: River Medway gathers and flows at Tonbridge, Kent. River Medway ends at the eastern sea seashore of Kent. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/townhistory/ ) Before the twelvemonth 1746, ships coming from Sea could non go through the river after Maidstone, until at that twelvemonth many betterments were made to the river lease flatboats with heavy tonss traversing over the river stretch every bit far as Tonbridge. The river was farther improved by clip. Eleven Locks on the river take topographic point, assisting in the crossing of the river. Lock aid raise and take down the boats in certain countries of the river to assist in the crossing over. The locks in Allington and other topographic points along the river give ships a bill of exchange, or minimal distance between the ships` organic structure and the river floor, of 4 pess.Tidal River MedwayThe River Medway is divided into two parts, tidal and non tidal River Medway. Non tidal River medway is from the get downing point at Tonbridge and coatings at Allington. After Allington towards the medway estuary near Sheerness, the river is tidal. All the seafaring and pilotage through the river between sheerness and Allington is dependent on tides motion. At low tides the river Medway may dry out at locations near Allington lock. High tides are non a large of danger to ships in the River Medway as Low tides in certain locations are.River Medway at ChathamChatham experience semidiurnal tides or assorted tides during the twelvemonth. Meaning, Tides occur in two high tides and two low tides in chatham, but are sometimes are unequal. In a study by Drewry Shipping Consultants Limited in July 2007 prepared for the Medway Council and Marine South east, the undermentioned statement describes the different tidal scope of Medway River.